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Related Concept Videos

Hematopoiesis01:21

Hematopoiesis

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The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...
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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
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Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
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Adrenergic receptors, or adrenoceptors, respond to the autonomic neurotransmitter noradrenaline and other endogenous catecholamine agonists. They are classified into two main families, α and β, based on their pharmacological response and are further subdivided depending on their location, elicited response, and affinity to specific agonists or antagonists.
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Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis
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Adrenergic Modulation of Hematopoiesis.

Georges J M Maestroni1

  • 1Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. georges.maestroni@tim.it.

Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology : the Official Journal of the Society on Neuroimmune Pharmacology
|February 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Adrenergic signals from nerves and bone marrow cells regulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) trafficking. This complex interaction, involving catecholamines and adrenergic receptors, impacts hematopoiesis and offers therapeutic potential for blood disorders.

Keywords:
Adrenergic receptorsBone marrow nicheCatecholaminesCircadian rhythmHematopoiesis

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells, occurs in the bone marrow (BM) involving hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
  • HSCs reside in specialized niches regulated by various cells, including endothelial cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, and sympathetic nerves.
  • Adrenergic signals, mediated by catecholamines, are increasingly recognized as crucial regulators of the HSC niche.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex and often controversial role of adrenergic signals in regulating the hematopoietic stem cell niche.
  • To explore the dual source of catecholamines: sympathetic nervous system and bone marrow cells themselves.
  • To discuss the implications of adrenergic modulation of hematopoiesis for therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on adrenergic signaling in the bone marrow niche.
  • Analysis of evidence regarding catecholamine production by both neural and non-neural cells within the BM.
  • Examination of adrenergic receptor expression and function on various cell types within the HSC niche.

Main Results:

  • Catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) bind to adrenergic receptors (ARs) on mesenchymal stromal cells and HSCs, influencing HSC trafficking.
  • Adrenergic signaling modulates the expression of key factors like CXCL12 and SCF, critical for HSC maintenance.
  • Norepinephrine can also signal through α1-AR on pre-B cells, affecting lymphoid and myeloid progenitor proliferation via TGF-β.

Conclusions:

  • Adrenergic modulation of hematopoiesis is complex due to widespread receptor expression and dual catecholamine sources.
  • Understanding the circadian and stimulus-driven activity of the sympathetic nervous system is vital.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate these mechanisms for potential therapeutic applications in hematopoietic disorders and HSC transplantation.