Mechanism of DNA-Induced Phase Separation for Transcriptional Repressor VRN1

Phase separation of proteins/nucleic acids to form non-membrane organelles is crucial in cellular gene-expression regulation. However, little is known about transcriptional regulator phase separation and the underlying molecular mechanism. Vernalization 1 (VRN1) encodes a crucial transcriptional repressor involved in plant vernalization that contains two B3 DNA-binding domains connected by an intrinsic disorder region (IDR) and nonspecifically binds DNA. We found that the Arabidopsis VRN1 protein undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) with DNA that is driven by multivalent protein-DNA interactions (LLPS), and that both B3 domains are required. The distribution of charged residues in the VRN1 IDR modulates the interaction strength between VRN1 and DNA, and changes in the charge pattern lead to interconversion between different states (precipitates, liquid droplets, and no phase separation). We further showed that VRN1 forms puncta in plant cell nuclei, suggesting that it may stabilize the vernalized state by repressing gene expression through LLPS.