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Gamification and Behavior Change Techniques in Diabetes Self-Management Apps.

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Diabetes management apps use few behavior change techniques (BCTs) and gamification features. More research is needed to optimize these features for sustained diabetes self-management app usage.

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Area of Science:

  • Digital Health
  • Behavioral Science
  • Diabetes Management

Background:

  • Diabetes management apps show potential for improving self-care.
  • Effective features and sustained usage drivers remain unclear.
  • Behavior change techniques (BCTs) and gamification are promising for engagement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the implementation of BCTs and gamification techniques (GTs) in diabetes management apps.
  • To identify the frequency and types of BCTs and GTs used in current apps.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic search of Google Play Store for free diabetes management apps.
  • Review of 56 apps using a taxonomy of 29 BCTs and 17 GTs.
  • Independent evaluation by two raters with high interrater agreement.

Main Results:

  • Apps implemented an average of 7.4 BCTs and 1.4 GTs.
  • Five BCTs comprised over half of all identified techniques.
  • Feedback was the most common gamification technique, present in 50% of apps.

Conclusions:

  • The potential of BCTs and GTs in diabetes apps is underutilized.
  • Current apps employ limited sets of BCTs and gamification features.
  • Further research is essential to guide the design of effective diabetes management apps.