Sex differences in upper tract urothelial carcinomas.
Current Opinion in Urology
|February 15, 2019
Summary
Sex differences in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) impact diagnosis and outcomes, with varied findings on clinicopathologic features. Further research into genetic and environmental factors is needed to fully understand these sex-based variations.
Area of Science:
- Urology
- Oncology
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) exhibits potential sex-based differences.
- Existing literature presents mixed findings on how sex influences UTUC clinicopathologic features and outcomes.
- Disparities in diagnosis time and environmental exposures may contribute to observed sex-based variations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review contemporary sex-specific differences in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).
- To evaluate diagnostic considerations, clinicopathologic features, oncologic outcomes, environmental exposures, and regional variations in UTUC by sex.
- To elucidate the impact of sex on UTUC.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of contemporary studies on UTUC.
- Analysis of diagnostic considerations, clinicopathologic features, and oncologic outcomes.
- Examination of environmental exposures and regional variations in UTUC by sex.
Main Results:
- Contemporary studies show mixed findings regarding the effect of sex on UTUC clinicopathologic features and oncologic outcomes.
- Time to diagnosis in UTUC appears to differ between men and women.
- Geographic variations and environmental risk factors significantly influence UTUC epidemiology and outcomes, potentially by sex.
Conclusions:
- A definitive global consensus on the effect of sex on UTUC characteristics and outcomes is lacking.
- Differences in diagnosis time, risk factors, and regional variation by sex warrant consideration.
- Further research into genetic, anatomic, physiologic, and socioeconomic factors is crucial for understanding sex-based effects in UTUC.
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