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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
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Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
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Internal Receptors01:31

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Generation of Human Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells
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Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell toxicity.

DaMarcus E Baymon1, Edward W Boyer

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|February 15, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy offers high remission rates but carries risks of severe toxicities like cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. Early recognition and prompt treatment of these CAR T-cell side effects are crucial for patient survival.

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Assessment of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell-Associated Toxicities Using an Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Model
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Area of Science:

  • Immunotherapy
  • Oncology
  • Cellular Therapy

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a widely used immunotherapy, initially for B-cell leukemias, now expanded to various cancers.
  • While CAR T-cell therapy achieves high remission rates, it is associated with potentially lethal toxicities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the toxicities associated with CAR T-cell therapy.
  • To emphasize the importance of clinical awareness and timely management of these adverse events.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on CAR T-cell therapy and its associated toxicities.
  • Analysis of common and less common adverse events, including cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity.

Main Results:

  • Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) presents with flu-like symptoms and hemodynamic instability, managed with tocilizumab and corticosteroids.
  • Neurotoxicity involves neurological changes, potentially leading to cerebral edema, coma, and death.
  • Other toxicities include tumor lysis syndrome, B-cell aplasia, graft versus host disease, and dermatological issues.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical vigilance for CAR T-cell toxicities is essential.
  • Prompt recognition and treatment of toxicities significantly improve patient survival and remission rates.