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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

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Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

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Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs
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Obesity and Urban Environments.

Peter Congdon1

  • 1School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, E1 4NS London, UK. p.congdon@qmul.ac.uk.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|February 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obesity is a global health challenge, increasing risks for serious diseases. Urban environments, including city design and food access, significantly impact obesity rates, requiring further research.

Keywords:
exercise accessfast foodfood desertobesitysocial environmentsprawlurban configuration

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Obesity is a significant global public health concern with severe health implications.
  • Individual behaviors are risk factors, but the urban environment's role is increasingly recognized.
  • Existing evidence on environmental influences is limited by country and completeness.

Discussion:

  • Urban layout, sprawl, and access to healthy food and exercise are key environmental factors.
  • The neighborhood social environment also plays a role in obesity and overweight.
  • This review synthesizes current literature and highlights contributions within a special issue.

Key Insights:

  • Urban physical and social environments are critical determinants of obesity.
  • Factors like urban sprawl, food deserts, and lack of recreational spaces contribute to weight gain.
  • Community-level interventions addressing environmental factors are needed.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed across diverse countries to fully understand environmental impacts.
  • Policy interventions targeting urban planning and food access are crucial.
  • Integrated approaches considering both individual and environmental factors are essential for combating obesity.