Evolution of Cavitation Bubble in Tap Water by Continuous-Wave Laser Focused on a Metallic Surface

As an example of photon-matter interaction, we experimentally investigate the temporal evolution of a millimeter-sized cavitation bubble, induced by focusing a continuous-wave laser on a metallic plate in tap water. Our major interests are to understand the mechanism of bubble growth/shrinkage for a long time duration up to O(10²) seconds and to draw the time-dependency relation of a bubble size, depending on the incident laser power. With the time passed after the laser with different power is focused, it is found that the phase change and/or transport of dissolved gas into the bubble play a dominant role in determining the bubble growth and shrinkage. Thus, we propose two stages in terms of time and three regimes depending on the incident energy, in which the evolutions of cavitation bubble in short and long time durations are distinctively identified. In regime I (lower incident power), the water nearby the focal point undergoes a phase change, resulting in an initial rapid growth of a bubble (first stage), but the convection flow due to locally heated surface causes the bubble to shrink at later times (second stage). As the laser power increases (regime III), more dissolved gas in the surrounding water enters the growing bubble and prevents the water phase from being absorbed into the bubble. Thus, the bubble growth is dominated by the dissolved gas. Between regimes I and III, there is a transitional regime II in which both the phase change of water and the dissolved gas contribute to the bubble evolution. We further our understandings by developing the relations about the time-dependency of bubble size for each stage and regime, which agree well with the measured data. The scaling relations are also validated with different conditions of liquid such as degassed water and NaCl solution. While previous studies have mostly focused on the nano- and/or microsized bubble generation in a very short time (less than 1 s), we think that the present results will extend our knowledge on how to predict and control the size of laser-induced cavitation bubble for longer time duration.