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Internal Energy02:00

Internal Energy

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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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Internal Energy01:29

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The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic energy of an individual molecule includes contributions due to its rotation and vibration, as well as its translational energy. The potential energy is associated only with the interactions between one molecule and the other molecules of the system. Neither the system's location nor its motion is of any consequence as far as the internal...
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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

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Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radicals01:27

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Roots, often written as radicals, identify the quantity that must be raised to a specific exponent to produce a given value. A radical expression consists of two main components: the radicand, which is the value placed inside the root symbol, and the index, which indicates the degree of the root being taken. The notation n√a indicates the principal nth root of a. If n equals 2, the operation is the square root, while n = 3 defines the cube root. When n is even, a negative radicand does...
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International radical trachelectomy assessment: IRTA study.

Gloria Salvo1, Pedro T Ramirez2, Mario Leitao3

  • 1Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA glorietasalvo@gmail.com.

International Journal of Gynecological Cancer : Official Journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society
|February 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Minimally invasive radical trachelectomy shows comparable disease-free survival to open surgery for early-stage cervical cancer, preserving fertility. This retrospective study compared oncologic outcomes in 535 patients.

Keywords:
cervical cancerfertility-sparing surgeryminimally invasive surgeryradical trachelectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecologic Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Radical trachelectomy is a fertility-sparing option for early-stage cervical cancer.
  • Standard surgical approaches include laparotomy and minimally invasive techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare disease-free survival (DFS) between open and minimally invasive radical trachelectomy.
  • To evaluate oncologic outcomes in patients with FIGO (2009) stage IA2 or IB1 (≤2cm) cervical cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective, multi-institutional, international study of 535 patients (2005-2017).
  • Inclusion criteria: FIGO stage IA2/IB1 (≤2cm) cervical cancer (squamous, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous), tumor size ≤2cm, radical trachelectomy (open or minimally invasive).
  • Exclusion criteria: prior pelvic radiation/chemotherapy, prior lymphadenectomy, pregnancy, aborted trachelectomy, vaginal approach.

Main Results:

  • The study aims to detect a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.44 for recurrence, corresponding to an 89.0% DFS at 4.5 years for minimally invasive surgery versus 95.0% for open surgery.
  • Previous studies report recurrence rates of 3.8%-7.6% for the open approach.

Conclusions:

  • Minimally invasive radical trachelectomy is hypothesized to have similar oncologic outcomes to the open approach.
  • This study will provide valuable data on the efficacy of fertility-sparing surgical techniques for early-stage cervical cancer.