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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models
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Advances in coamorphous drug delivery systems.

Qin Shi1, Sakib M Moinuddin1, Ting Cai1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B
|February 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Coamorphous drug delivery systems offer improved stability and dissolution for poorly water-soluble drugs. This review covers their preparation, properties, and performance, highlighting development strategies.

Keywords:
API, active pharmaceutical ingredient;AUC, area under plasma concentrations-time curveBCS, bio-pharmaceutics classification systemsBioavailabilityCharacterizationCmax, maximum plasma concentrationCoamorphousCss, plasma concentration at steady stateDSC, differential scanning calorimetryDVS, dynamic vapor sorptionDc, relative degree of crystallizationDissolutionFT-IR, fourier transform infrared spectroscopyHME, hot melt extrusionHPLC, high performance liquid chromatographyIDR, intrinsic dissolution rateLFRS, low-frequency Raman spectroscopyLLPS, liquid—liquid phase separationMTDSC, modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetryNMR, nuclear magnetic resonanceP-gp, P-glycoproteinPXRD, powder X-ray diffractionPhysical stabilityPreparationRH, relative humiditySEM, scanning electron microscopeTGA, thermogravimetric analysisTg, glass transition temperatureTmax, time of maximum plasma concentrationUV, ultraviolet spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Materials Science
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Poorly water-soluble drugs present significant formulation challenges.
  • Coamorphous systems, single-phase solids of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients, are emerging as a promising solution.
  • These systems offer advantages over traditional crystalline or amorphous forms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of coamorphous drug delivery systems.
  • To discuss their preparation, physicochemical characteristics, and physical stability.
  • To evaluate their in vitro and in vivo performance and outline development strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of coamorphous drug delivery systems.
  • Analysis of preparation techniques and characterization methods.
  • Synthesis of information on stability, dissolution, and bioavailability.

Main Results:

  • Coamorphous systems demonstrate enhanced physical stability and improved dissolution profiles.
  • These formulations can lead to potentially increased therapeutic efficacy.
  • Key aspects of preparation, characterization, and performance have been detailed.

Conclusions:

  • Coamorphous drug delivery systems represent a significant advancement for poorly water-soluble drugs.
  • Understanding their properties and development challenges is crucial for robust product design.
  • Further research into optimizing coamorphous formulations will enhance drug delivery and patient outcomes.