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In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
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To understand intra-specific interactions in populations, scientists measure the spatial arrangement of species individuals. This geographic arrangement is known as the species distribution or dispersion. Highly territorial species exhibit a uniform distribution pattern, in which individuals are spaced at relatively equal distances from one another. Species that are highly tied to particular resources, such as food or shelter, tend to concentrate around those resources, and thus exhibit a...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Compensating spatially dependent dispersion in visible light OCT.

Aaron Kho, Vivek J Srinivasan

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    PubMed
    Summary
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    Visible light optical coherence tomography (OCT) offers high resolution retinal imaging. We demonstrate that correcting for spatially dependent dispersion is critical for accurate micrometer-scale imaging, especially at shorter visible wavelengths.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Biomedical Optics
    • Medical Imaging

    Background:

    • Visible light optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising retinal imaging technique.
    • Claims of micrometer-scale axial resolution and multi-color imaging are challenged by optical dispersion effects.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of spatially dependent dispersion on visible light OCT.
    • To develop and validate a method for compensating dispersion in visible light OCT systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Introduced the concept of spatially dependent (depth and transverse position-dependent) dispersion.
    • Employed a novel sub-band, sub-image correlation algorithm to estimate dispersion.
    • Utilized a 109 nm bandwidth visible light OCT system centered at 587 nm for mouse retinal imaging.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that optical glass and aqueous media dispersion compromise OCT resolution and multi-color imaging claims.
    • Successfully compensated for spatially dependent dispersion in the OCT system.
    • Achieved clear delineation of fine outer retinal bands in mouse retinas of varying pigmentation.

    Conclusions:

    • Spatially dependent dispersion correction is essential for visible light OCT, particularly for broader bandwidths and shorter wavelengths.
    • Accurate retinal imaging with visible light OCT requires addressing dispersion-related artifacts.
    • The developed compensation method enhances the capability of visible light OCT for detailed retinal visualization.