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Related Concept Videos

The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...
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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in other eukaryotic cells. A ligand, such as a protein or a small molecule released from a yeast cell, attaches to a receptor on the cell surface. The binding stimulates second-messenger kinases to activate or inactivate transcription factors that further regulate gene expression. Many of the yeast intracellular signaling cascades have similar...
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Identification of EGFR and RAS Inhibitors using Caenorhabditis elegans
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Ras and exosome signaling.

Rachel E Sexton1, Gabriel Mpilla1, Steve Kim1

  • 1Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.

Seminars in Cancer Biology
|February 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mutant Ras proteins drive cancer but are hard to target. This review explores using exosomes, tiny vesicles, to deliver therapies targeting Ras, offering a promising new approach for cancer treatment.

Keywords:
ExosomesKrasMutant KrasRNAiRasTherapeutic drug deliveryVesicles

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Mutations in Ras genes (HRAS, NRAS, KRAS) are common in many cancers, leading to hyper-activation.
  • Targeting mutant Ras directly or its associated pathways has yielded limited clinical success.
  • Previous attempts to deliver RNA interference (RNAi) agents to silence mutant K-Ras using liposomes or nanoparticles faced stability and toxicity issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on K-Ras signaling and exosomes.
  • To explore the potential of exosomes as delivery vehicles for K-Ras silencing moieties.
  • To identify improved therapeutic strategies for Ras-driven cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of K-Ras signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of exosome biogenesis and function in cancer.
  • Evaluation of exosomes as drug delivery systems for RNAi therapeutics.

Main Results:

  • Ras pathway proteins are involved in exosome production and release.
  • Exosomes are recognized for their role in intercellular communication and cancer signaling.
  • Exosomes show potential as stable and less toxic carriers for therapeutic payloads.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes represent a promising platform for delivering K-Ras silencing RNAi.
  • Harnessing exosomes could overcome limitations of current delivery systems for mutant K-Ras therapies.
  • Further research into exosome-based delivery systems is warranted for effective cancer treatment.