Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

Intracellular Hormone Receptors

Intracellular Hormone Receptors

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Types of Hormones

Types of Hormones

Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

B-Raf is required for normal murine cardiac development and function.

American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology·2026

Same author

Lipid emulsion modulates myogenic and collagen-related gene expression in skeletal muscle of preterm fetal sheep.

Experimental physiology·2026

Same author

Development of striated muscle microvasculature across the perinatal period in lambs.

The Journal of physiology·2026

Same author

Intralipid Infusion to Fetal Sheep (Ovis aries) Promotes Differentiation and Lipid Accumulation of Adipose Tissues.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·2025

Same author

Circadian mechanisms underlying post-exercise blood pressure responses in healthy adults.

Sleep·2025

Same author

Subcutaneous Buprenorphine Is an Acceptable Preoperative Analgesic in Pregnant Ewes Undergoing Hysterotomy (Ovis aries).

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Thyroid hormone receptor function in maturing ovine cardiomyocytes.

Natasha N Chattergoon^1,2, Samantha Louey^1,2, Thomas Scanlan³

¹Center for Developmental Health.

The Journal of Physiology

|February 17, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are essential for regulating fetal sheep heart cell growth and maturation. Blocking TRs impacts tri-iodo-l-thyronine (T3) signaling, with effects varying by fetal age.

Keywords:

Cardiomyocyte proliferation Fetal NH3 Thyroid hormone

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

Maturation of Human Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes in Biowires Using Electrical Stimulation

Maturation of Human Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes in Biowires Using Electrical Stimulation

Published on: May 6, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

Published on: October 6, 2023

Maturation of Human Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes in Biowires Using Electrical Stimulation

Maturation of Human Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes in Biowires Using Electrical Stimulation

Published on: May 6, 2017

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Physiology
Endocrinology
Developmental Biology

Background:

Plasma tri-iodo-l-thyronine (T3) increases late in gestation, inhibiting cardiomyocyte proliferation and promoting maturation.
Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) mediate T3's actions in fetal cardiomyocytes, with TRα1 and TRβ1 expression increasing with age.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether T3-induced changes in fetal ovine cardiomyocytes are mediated via TRs or non-genomic mechanisms.
To assess the role of TRα1/α2 in T3 signaling pathways like ERK and Akt.

Main Methods:

Primary fetal ovine cardiomyocytes were isolated at 102 and 135 days of gestational age.
Cells were treated with T3, IGF-1, a TR antagonist (NH3), or TRα1/α2 siRNA.
Proliferation was measured by BrdU uptake; protein levels (ERK, Akt, TRs, p21) were assessed via Western blot.

Main Results:

TRα1 protein levels were consistently higher than TRβ1 in ovine fetal hearts.
T3 reduced IGF-1-stimulated proliferation, an effect blocked by NH3 or TRα1/α2 knockdown.
TR blockade and knockdown affected ERK and Akt signaling, with age-dependent sensitivity.

Conclusions:

TRs are crucial for normal proliferation and T3 signaling in fetal ovine cardiomyocytes.
The sensitivity of cardiomyocytes to TR blockade is dependent on gestational age.
Genomic actions of TRs, not non-genomic mechanisms, mediate T3's effects on proliferation.