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Related Concept Videos

Actin Treadmilling01:18

Actin Treadmilling

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Actin filaments undergo polymerization and depolymerization from either end. The polymerization and depolymerization rates depend on the cytosolic concentration of free G-actins. The polymerization rate is generally higher at the plus or barbed end, while the depolymerization rate is higher at the minus or pointed end. At a steady state, critical concentration describes the concentration of free G-actin monomers at which the polymerization rate at the plus end is equal to that of the...
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Introduction to Actin01:26

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Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle cells, while in non-muscle cells, it is lower and makes up around 1–5 percent of the total cell protein. Actin found in the unicellular amoebae and complex multicellular animals is around 80% similar, demonstrating their conservation over a billion years of evolution.  Actin coding genes are conserved within species and across...
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Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight...
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Actin Filament Depolymerization01:19

Actin Filament Depolymerization

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Actin filaments (F-actin) are composed of actin subunits. The dissociation of actin monomers can occur from either end of F-actin. The rate of dissociation is faster from the minus-end or the pointed end, where the actin subunits exist with a bound ADP, together known as ADP-actin. The depolymerization of F-actin is aided by proteins, including the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin family of proteins, gelsolin, and glia maturation factor (GMF).
In F-actin, the ADF/cofilin proteins...
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Formation of Higher-order Actin Filaments01:11

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The polymerization of G-actin monomers into filamentous F-actin is a multi-step process. Once the F-actins are formed, they can bundle together in different arrangements to form higher-order networks and regulate cellular functions. Common examples include the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia at the cell's leading edge by actin reorganization in a migrating cell. The microvilli on the brush border epithelial cells are also formed through the F-actin network.
The high-order actin...
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The Role of Actin and Myosin in Non-muscle Cells01:10

The Role of Actin and Myosin in Non-muscle Cells

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Actin and myosin or actomyosin filaments also play a significant role in cells other than those involved in muscle contraction (which occurs within the sarcomere of muscle cells). The mechanism of non-muscle cell contractile bundles was first observed in Dictyostelium and Acanthamoeba. In non-muscle cells, two bundles are commonly found: stress fibers and actomyosin adherence belts. These contractile bundles are smaller and less organized than the ones found in muscle cells. They  are held...
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4D Printed Bifurcated Stents with Kirigami-Inspired Structures
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Multimaterial actinic spatial control 3D and 4D printing.

J J Schwartz1,2, A J Boydston3,4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.

Nature Communications
|February 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new additive manufacturing technique using multi-wavelength light to precisely control multimaterial 3D printing. This method enables the creation of complex objects with tailored mechanical properties for advanced applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Producing objects with diverse mechanical properties is a significant challenge for current manufacturing.
  • Additive manufacturing offers potential for multimaterial objects, but precise control across all three printing axes is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel additive manufacturing method for precise multimaterial control.
  • To enable the creation of objects with spatially defined and varied mechanical properties.

Main Methods:

  • A multi-wavelength vat photopolymerization technique was developed, termed multimaterial actinic spatial control (MASC).
  • Multicomponent photoresins containing acrylate and epoxide monomers with corresponding initiators were formulated.
  • Chemoselective wavelength control was achieved using visible (long wavelength) and UV (short wavelength) irradiation.

Main Results:

  • Visible light selectively cured acrylate components, forming soft networks.
  • UV light incorporated both acrylate and epoxide components, creating stiff networks.
  • This resulted in multimaterial parts with controlled heterogeneity, anisotropy, and swelling, enabling 4D printing.

Conclusions:

  • The MASC method provides unprecedented control over material composition in additive manufacturing.
  • This technique allows for the fabrication of complex multimaterial objects with tunable mechanical properties.
  • The developed method facilitates advancements in 4D printing and the creation of functional materials.