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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.0K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.6K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.7K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.7K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.1K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.1K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.1K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.1K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.0K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications
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Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications

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On-chip solid phase extraction and in situ optical detection.

Long Li1, Jibran Iqbal2, Hui Li3

  • 1Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.

Talanta
|February 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A new device integrates solid phase extraction (SPE) and optical detection for rapid analysis. This method simplifies sample preparation and accurately quantifies Rhodamine B and Benzo[a]pyrene in water samples.

Keywords:
Fluorescence spectroscopyIn situOn-chip SPEOptical detectionUV–Vis spectroscopy

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Fabrication of a Dipole-assisted Solid Phase Extraction Microchip for Trace Metal Analysis in Water Samples
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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Traditional methods for analyzing trace analytes often involve complex procedures.
  • There is a need for simplified, rapid, and accurate analytical techniques for environmental monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an integrated device combining solid phase extraction (SPE) and in situ optical detection.
  • To establish a simplified analytical method for quantifying Rhodamine B and Benzo[a]pyrene.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a device with an SPE chip enclosed in a reflective box for direct optical measurement.
  • Employed UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for Rhodamine B and solid-phase fluorescence spectroscopy for Benzo[a]pyrene.
  • Validated the method using standard curves and real water samples.

Main Results:

  • Achieved linear relationships for Rhodamine B (10-800 μg/L, R²=0.99) and Benzo[a]pyrene (0.07-3.33 μg/L, R²=0.99).
  • Obtained limits of detection (LOD) of 7 μg/L for Rhodamine B and 0.02 μg/L for Benzo[a]pyrene.
  • Demonstrated high accuracy with recoveries of 90-105% and low variability (RSDs 2.53-5.55%) in tap water samples.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated SPE-optical detection device offers a simplified, elution-free analytical operation.
  • The developed technique is capable of rapid and quantitative analysis of trace analytes in various samples.
  • This approach provides a promising tool for environmental monitoring and quality control.