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Related Concept Videos

Plant Hormones01:56

Plant Hormones

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Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.
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Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Robotic-Guided Stereoelectroencephalography for Invasive Epilepsy Monitoring
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Epilepsy, depression, and growth hormone.

Tracy Butler1, Patrick Harvey1, Lila Cardozo1

  • 1Center for Brain Health, New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 145 East 32nd Street, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B
|February 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Depression is common in epilepsy, potentially linked to hormonal imbalances. This review explores if Growth Hormone (GH) deficiency contributes to this depression, suggesting GH therapy might offer new hope.

Keywords:
DepressionEpilepsyGrowth hormoneGrowth hormone-releasing hormoneHPA axisPituitary

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Epilepsy Research
  • Mood Disorders

Background:

  • Depression significantly impacts epilepsy patients, with biological factors playing a role.
  • Hormonal dysregulation, particularly involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, is implicated in epilepsy-related depression.
  • The role of neuroendocrine factors, specifically Growth Hormone (GH), remains under-explored in this context.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential link between neuroendocrine factors, focusing on Growth Hormone (GH), and depression in epilepsy patients.
  • To investigate whether subtle GH deficiency could contribute to the high rates of depression observed in individuals with epilepsy.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of GH replacement in managing epilepsy-related depression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of neuroendocrine factors in epilepsy-related depression.
  • Focus on the role of Growth Hormone (GH) and its deficiency.
  • Examination of existing research on GH deficiency in adults and its impact on mood and quality of life.

Main Results:

  • Adult GH deficiency is associated with mood disturbances and reduced quality of life.
  • The paper posits a potential connection between subtle GH deficiency and depression in epilepsy.
  • GH replacement therapy has demonstrated positive effects on mood and quality of life in GH-deficient patients.

Conclusions:

  • Neuroendocrine factors, particularly GH, represent a promising area for understanding and treating depression in epilepsy.
  • Subtle GH deficiency may be a contributing factor to depression in epilepsy patients.
  • Growth Hormone replacement therapy could offer a novel therapeutic avenue for improving mood and quality of life in this population.