Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bile01:19

Bile

4.1K
Bile is a crucial bodily fluid, characterized by its yellow-green color and alkaline nature. Produced in the liver, it is transported through the common hepatic duct into either the cystic duct, leading to the gallbladder, or directly into the common bile duct. The flow of bile is regulated by the sphincter of Oddi located at the entrance of the duodenum. When this sphincter is closed, bile is redirected to the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
Bile is released when dietary fats enter...
4.1K
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

270
Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
270
Hepatic Portal System01:21

Hepatic Portal System

5.8K
The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
At its core, the hepatic portal vein is the result of a confluence of the superior and inferior mesenteric veins along with the splenic vein. Each of these veins has a unique role. The superior mesenteric vein is...
5.8K
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

227
Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
227
Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

105.2K
Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
105.2K
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

31.9K
Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
31.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Central Administration of Recombinant IGF1 Is Neuroprotective in a Rodent Model of Acute Liver Failure.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

Biochemical and Physiological Effects of Galanin in Health and Disease.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·2026
Same author

Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated activation mediates transforming growth factor beta signaling in acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice.

Physiological reports·2025
Same author

The Role of Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy.

Journal of immunology research·2025
Same author

Retraction: Blocking H1/H2 histamine receptors inhibits damage/fibrosis in Mdr2 -/- mice and human cholangiocarcinoma tumorigenesis.

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)·2025
Same author

Retraction: GABA induces the differentiation of small into large cholangiocytes by activation of Ca2+/CaMK I-dependent adenylyl cyclase 8.

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
08:42

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport

Published on: November 27, 2016

11.6K

Bile Acids in Hepatic Encephalopathy.

Sharon DeMorrow1,2

  • 1Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology
|February 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Aberrant bile acid signaling contributes to neurological issues in hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Understanding this link may reveal new therapeutic targets for liver failure complications.

Keywords:
ASBT, Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid TransporterCCL2, Chemokine Ligand 2CCR2, Chemokine Receptor 2Cyp46A1, Cytochrome p450 46A1FXR, Farnesoid X ReceptorGR, Glucocorticoid ReceptorNTCP, Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting PolypeptidePXR, Pregnane X ReceptorS1P2R, Sphingosine 1 Phosphate Receptor 2TGR5, Takeda G-Protein Receptor 5Takeda G-protein coupled receptor 5 (TGR5)VDR, Vitamin D Receptorblood–brain barrierfarnesoid X receptorneuroinflammationsphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2

More Related Videos

Real Time Monitoring of Intracellular Bile Acid Dynamics Using a Genetically Encoded FRET-based Bile Acid Sensor
09:21

Real Time Monitoring of Intracellular Bile Acid Dynamics Using a Genetically Encoded FRET-based Bile Acid Sensor

Published on: January 4, 2016

10.4K
Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
06:59

Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile

Published on: June 13, 2016

10.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
08:42

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport

Published on: November 27, 2016

11.6K
Real Time Monitoring of Intracellular Bile Acid Dynamics Using a Genetically Encoded FRET-based Bile Acid Sensor
09:21

Real Time Monitoring of Intracellular Bile Acid Dynamics Using a Genetically Encoded FRET-based Bile Acid Sensor

Published on: January 4, 2016

10.4K
Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile
06:59

Isolation and Profiling of MicroRNA-containing Exosomes from Human Bile

Published on: June 13, 2016

10.9K

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Neurology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication of liver insufficiency.
  • Hyperammonemia and inflammation are established contributors to HE pathogenesis.
  • Recent evidence suggests bile acid signaling plays a role in HE development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the role of bile acids in hepatic encephalopathy.
  • To explore the downstream effects of aberrant bile acid signaling in HE.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on bile acids and HE.
  • Analysis of mechanisms linking bile acid signaling to neurological dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Aberrant bile acid signaling is implicated in neuronal dysfunction in HE.
  • Bile acids contribute to neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier permeability in HE.
  • Specific signaling pathways affected by bile acids are being elucidated.

Conclusions:

  • Bile acids are emerging as key players in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.
  • Targeting bile acid signaling pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies for HE.