Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

4.8K
Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
4.8K
Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

406
In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
406
First Order Systems01:21

First Order Systems

426
First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...
426
Second Order systems I01:20

Second Order systems I

591
A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...
591
Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

7.9K
A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The...
7.9K
Classification of Systems-I01:26

Classification of Systems-I

592
Linearity is a system property characterized by a direct input-output relationship, combining homogeneity and additivity.
Homogeneity dictates that if an input x(t) is multiplied by a constant c, the output y(t) is multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as:
592

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Neural decoding from surface high-density EMG signals: influence of anatomy and synchronization on the number of identified motor units.

Journal of neural engineering·2022
Same author

Mathematical relationships between spinal motoneuron properties.

eLife·2022
Same author

Standard intensities of transcranial alternating current stimulation over the motor cortex do not entrain corticospinal inputs to motor neurons.

The Journal of physiology·2022
Same author

Correlation networks of spinal motor neurons that innervate lower limb muscles during a multi-joint isometric task.

The Journal of physiology·2022
Same author

Reducing the Calibration Time in Somatosensory BCI by Using Tactile ERD.

IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society·2022
Same author

The control and training of single motor units in isometric tasks are constrained by a common input signal.

eLife·2022
Same journal

Does Anteroposterior Cage Position and Screw Orientation Influence Clinical/Radiographic Outcomes and Complications After Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Lateral Plate Fixation?

Orthopedic research and reviews·2026
Same journal

Digital Health and Smart Technologies in Shoulder Arthroplasty: Emerging Tools and Clinical Implications.

Orthopedic research and reviews·2026
Same journal

The Impact of Bone Cement Distribution in Unilateral PVP on Therapeutic Outcomes of Vertebral Compression Fracture Repair.

Orthopedic research and reviews·2026
Same journal

Burden and Temporal Trends of Osteoarthritis in Germany from 1990 to 2021, with Projections to 2041: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Orthopedic research and reviews·2026
Same journal

Prevalence and Demographic Associations of Ligamentum Flavum Hypertrophy in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis.

Orthopedic research and reviews·2026
Same journal

Cuproptosis and Orthopedic Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms of Copper Metabolic Imbalance in the Skeletal System and Clinical Translation Prospects.

Orthopedic research and reviews·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Customizing a Cryolite Glass Prosthetic Eye
08:04

Customizing a Cryolite Glass Prosthetic Eye

Published on: October 31, 2019

11.3K

New developments in prosthetic arm systems.

Ivan Vujaklija1, Dario Farina1, Oskar C Aszmann2

  • 1Institute of Neurorehabilitation Systems, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.

Orthopedic Research and Reviews
|February 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Upper limb prosthetics have evolved significantly, addressing past issues of functionality and control. Modern advancements offer improved robotic hands and control systems, restoring dexterous functionality for users.

Keywords:
amputationsarmhandprostheticrehabilitation

More Related Videos

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study
06:58

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

Published on: November 6, 2015

10.2K
Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems MEMS to Develop Diagnostic Tools
16:05

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems MEMS to Develop Diagnostic Tools

Published on: October 1, 2007

8.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Customizing a Cryolite Glass Prosthetic Eye
08:04

Customizing a Cryolite Glass Prosthetic Eye

Published on: October 31, 2019

11.3K
A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study
06:58

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

Published on: November 6, 2015

10.2K
Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems MEMS to Develop Diagnostic Tools
16:05

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems MEMS to Develop Diagnostic Tools

Published on: October 1, 2007

8.0K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Technology
  • Prosthetics and Orthotics

Background:

  • Upper limb absence causes significant daily life impairments, impacting social and mental well-being.
  • Early prostheses evolved into powered myoelectric devices, but high abandonment rates persisted due to hardware, design, and control limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of the upper limb prosthetic market.
  • To provide insights into accompanying technologies and techniques in prosthetic development.
  • To examine the capabilities of advanced academic and commercial prosthetic solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent technological advancements in upper limb prosthetics.
  • Analysis of market offerings from vendors and research groups.
  • Examination of novel interfacing and control strategies, including sensor integration and osseointegration.

Main Results:

  • Significant improvements in robotic hand articulation and elbow joint designs.
  • Sophisticated control features with multi-sensor integration and multi-joint articulation.
  • Advanced socket designs supporting various sensor types and osseointegration.

Conclusions:

  • Modern prosthetic technology, combined with novel surgical techniques, enables the restoration of dexterous upper limb functionality.
  • The field is rapidly advancing, offering more integrated and functional solutions for limb loss.
  • Continued innovation in hardware, control, and surgical integration is key to overcoming previous prosthetic limitations.