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Concentration Cells02:41

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
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The relative amount of a given solution component is known as its concentration. Often, though not always, a solution contains one component with a concentration that is significantly greater than that of all other components. This component is called the solvent and may be viewed as the medium in which the other components are dispersed or dissolved. Solutions in which water is the solvent are, of course, very common on our planet. A solution in which water is the solvent is called an aqueous...
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The concept of stress concentration is crucial for understanding how materials respond under bending stresses, particularly when there are irregularities or discontinuities in the material's geometry. Normally, stress in a symmetric member subjected to pure bending is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire cross-section. However, this assumption does not hold when there are variations in the cross-sectional geometry or the presence of notches and holes.
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Stress Concentrations01:24

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Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
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The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions describing the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants.
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Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and dosing of pharmaceutical products. After a drug is ingested or injected, it is typically involved in several chemical equilibria that affect its ultimate concentration in the body system of interest. Knowledge of the quantitative aspects of these equilibria is required to compute a dosage amount that will solicit the desired therapeutic effect.
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Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications
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Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications

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Concentration Quenching in Upconversion Nanocrystals.

Zijun Wang1, Andries Meijerink1

  • 1Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and Interfaces
|February 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Concentration quenching in lanthanide-doped nanocrystals (NCs) limits upconversion (UC) efficiency. This study reveals limited quenching for specific Er3+ levels and efficient Yb3+ emission, offering insights for NC optimization.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Photonics

Background:

  • Upconversion (UC) in lanthanide-doped nanocrystals (NCs) is crucial for various applications, but efficiencies are often limited.
  • Previous work focused on low dopant concentrations, while practical applications require high doping levels.
  • High dopant concentrations introduce complex quenching mechanisms that reduce UC efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the impact of concentration quenching on UC efficiency in lanthanide-doped NaYF4 NCs.
  • To understand how varying concentrations of Er3+ and Yb3+ affect luminescence decay dynamics and emission spectra.
  • To explore the role of core-shell structures and solvent effects on UC efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of core and core-shell NaYF4 NCs doped with Er3+ or Yb3+ at concentrations ranging from 1% to 100%.
  • Analysis of luminescence decay curves and emission spectra to quantify concentration-dependent quenching.
  • Investigation of solvent quenching effects, particularly in aqueous media.

Main Results:

  • Strong concentration quenching was observed for the green-emitting 4S3/2 and NIR-emitting 4I11/2 levels of Er3+.
  • Limited concentration quenching was found for the red-emitting 4F9/2 and IR-emitting 4I13/2 levels of Er3+.
  • Near-infrared (NIR) emission from Yb3+ remained efficient even at 60% doping, especially in core-shell NCs.
  • Aqueous solvents significantly enhanced quenching due to high-energy O-H vibrations.

Conclusions:

  • Concentration quenching significantly impacts UC efficiency in highly doped NCs, with varying effects depending on the specific lanthanide ion and energy levels.
  • Core-shell designs and judicious selection of lanthanide concentrations can mitigate quenching and enhance UC performance.
  • Understanding these quenching mechanisms is vital for optimizing NCs for applications requiring high UC efficiency.