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Polymers02:34

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties
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Glucose Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles for Cellular Targeting.

A Pia P Kröger1, Muhabbat I Komil1, Naomi M Hamelmann1

  • 1Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created novel glucose-based nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. These biocompatible glyco-single-chain polymer nanoparticles (glyco-SCNPs) show promise for imaging and therapeutic applications without toxicity.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Naturally occurring glycoconjugates play vital roles in biological functions.
  • Mimicking these structures via carbohydrate conjugation enhances therapeutic targeting and cellular uptake.
  • Glycopolymers offer a versatile platform for biomedical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel glucose-functionalized building blocks.
  • To create intramolecularly cross-linked single-chain glycopolymer nanoparticles (glyco-SCNPs).
  • To evaluate the bioactivity and safety of these glyco-SCNPs.

Main Methods:

  • Enzymatic synthesis of glucose-methacrylate conjugates.
  • Thiol-Michael addition for cross-linking in aqueous solution.
  • Preparation of sub-10 nm glyco-SCNPs.
  • Assessment of lectin binding (Concanavalin A) and cellular uptake in HeLa cells.
  • Cytotoxicity evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized linear and cyclic glucose-methacrylate building blocks.
  • Prepared water-soluble glyco-SCNPs with sizes under 10 nm.
  • Demonstrated glucose-specific binding to Concanavalin A.
  • Observed efficient cellular uptake of glyco-SCNPs.
  • Confirmed lack of discernible cytotoxic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a method for creating well-defined, small glyco-SCNPs.
  • These nanoparticles exhibit promising bioactivity for targeted applications.
  • The non-toxic nature of these glyco-SCNPs supports their potential in drug delivery and imaging.