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Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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In a series resistor-inductor (R-L) circuit, closing the switch at the start of the time period simulates a three-phase short circuit, a fault condition where all three phases of an unloaded synchronous machine are short-circuited. When there is no fault impedance and no initial current, the initial voltage is determined by the phase angle of the source voltage.
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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Time-Resolved Diffusion NMR Measurements for Transient Processes.

Thomas S C MacDonald1, William S Price2, Jonathon E Beves1

  • 1School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.

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|February 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a new NMR method for measuring molecular diffusion over time. Methanol is used for quick, reliable calibration, improving accuracy.

Keywords:
NMR spectroscopydiffusionnon-equilibriumpolymerizationtime-resolved spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Biophysical Chemistry

Background:

  • Measuring molecular diffusion is crucial for understanding chemical and biological processes.
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for molecular analysis.
  • Accurate calibration of experimental parameters is essential for reliable diffusion measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a general and robust procedure for time-resolved measurement of diffusion coefficients.
  • To introduce a novel calibration method for NMR diffusion experiments.
  • To enhance the accuracy and efficiency of diffusion coefficient determination.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
  • Developed a time-resolved diffusion measurement protocol.
  • Employed methanol as a standard for temperature-independent gradient calibration.

Main Results:

  • Established a general procedure for measuring time-resolved diffusion coefficients.
  • Demonstrated the effectiveness of methanol for fast and temperature-independent gradient calibration.
  • The method allows for accurate determination of diffusion dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The described NMR procedure offers a reliable method for studying molecular diffusion.
  • The methanol calibration technique simplifies and improves the accuracy of diffusion measurements.
  • This approach is broadly applicable to various molecular species and systems.