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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Decreasing Function01:27

Decreasing Function

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A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
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Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

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Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...
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Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Decreased pulse rate01:14

Decreased pulse rate

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Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Porcine As a Training Module for Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction
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Optimized Hypofractionation Can Markedly Improve Tumor Control and Decrease Late Effects for Head and Neck Cancer.

Igor Shuryak1, Eric J Hall1, David J Brenner1

  • 1Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
|February 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimized hypofractionation significantly improves head and neck cancer (HNC) tumor control and reduces late normal tissue complications. This advanced radiotherapy approach shortens treatment time, offering a better balance between efficacy and side effects for HNC patients.

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In Vitro Establishment of a Genetically Engineered Murine Head and Neck Cancer Cell Line using an Adeno-Associated Virus-Cas9 System
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The Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane In Vivo Model to Assess Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Cancer
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Area of Science:

  • Radiation oncology
  • Medical physics
  • Cancer research

Background:

  • Treatment of fast-growing, human papillomavirus-negative head and neck cancers (HNCs) presents challenges in balancing tumor control and late sequelae.
  • Standard fractionation may not be optimal due to accelerated tumor repopulation towards the end of treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify radiobiologically optimized fractionation schemes for HNCs.
  • To improve the therapeutic ratio by enhancing tumor control probability (TCP) and reducing late normal tissue complication probability (LNTCP).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a radiobiological optimization model incorporating accelerated repopulation, calibrated with HNC clinical data.
  • Compared optimized hypofractionation schedules with standard fractionation (35 x 2.0 Gy).
  • Evaluated tumor control and late sequelae development post-treatment fractions.

Main Results:

  • An optimized hypofractionated schedule (18 x 3.0 Gy) is predicted to increase TCP (e.g., ~35% to 49% for late-stage tumors) and decrease high-grade LNTCP (e.g., ~13% to <2%).
  • Treatment time can be reduced from 47 to 24 days.
  • Twice-daily treatments (1.8 Gy/fraction) showed even better outcomes, with predictions robust across repopulation models.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized hypofractionation (3.0 Gy/fraction) or accelerated hyperfractionation (1.8 Gy/fraction, twice daily) overcomes tumor repopulation in fast-growing HNCs.
  • These regimens offer superior HNC tumor control and reduced late effects compared to standard 2.0 Gy fractionation.
  • Optimization is most effective when applied towards the end of treatment.