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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary healthcare is offered by a specialist, generally in hospitals or clinics for patients referred by primary healthcare providers. It occurs when a person has an illness or injury that requires specific medical care. Secondary care is often referred to as acute care. Secondary care can range from uncomplicated care to repair a minor laceration or treat a strep throat infection to more complicated emergent care, such as treating a head injury sustained in an automobile accident. Whatever...
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Secondary distribution systems provide electrical energy at the utilization voltage levels from distribution transformers to customer meters. Typical secondary voltages in the United States include 120/240 V for residential use, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial use, and 480Y/277 V for industrial and high-rise commercial use.
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The Other End of the Leash: An Experimental Test to Analyze How Owners Interact with Their Pet Dogs
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Acute cholecystitis secondary to dog bite.

James Elliott1, Eric Donaldson1

  • 1Department of General Surgery, Toowoomba Hospital, 154 Pechey Street, South Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.

International Journal of Surgery Case Reports
|February 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Capnocytophaga canimorsus (C. canimorsus) bacteremia can cause acute cholecystitis, a rare condition. This case report emphasizes prompt diagnosis and prolonged antibiotic treatment for C. canimorsus-induced cholecystitis following a dog bite.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gastroenterology
  • Bacteriology

Background:

  • Capnocytophaga canimorsus (C. canimorsus), a gram-negative bacterium from dog saliva, rarely causes severe human infections.
  • Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis (AAC) secondary to C. canimorsus is an extremely rare clinical presentation, with only one prior case documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the second documented case of C. canimorsus bacteremia presenting as acute cholecystitis.
  • To highlight the importance of considering C. canimorsus in patients with sepsis and abdominal pain after animal bites.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a patient presenting with epigastric pain and sepsis three weeks post-dog bite.
  • Diagnostic workup included blood cultures, abdominal ultrasound, and CT scan.
  • Treatment involved intravenous fluid resuscitation, ceftriaxone, metronidazole, and an extended antibiotic course.

Main Results:

  • The patient exhibited symptoms consistent with acute cholecystitis, including positive Murphy's sign.
  • Blood cultures confirmed bacteremia due to C. canimorsus.
  • The patient required a prolonged course of antibiotics for full recovery.

Conclusions:

  • This case underscores the necessity of thorough patient history, physical examination, and considering C. canimorsus in cholecystitis cases, especially after animal bites.
  • Blood cultures are crucial for diagnosing C. canimorsus bacteremia in patients with abdominal pain and sepsis.
  • Prolonged, targeted antibiotic therapy may be required for cholecystitis secondary to C. canimorsus.