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Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers01:30

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The unit circle—a circle with a radius of one, centered at the origin of the coordinate plane—serves as the foundational framework for defining trigonometric functions. In this context, arc length refers to the distance measured along the circumference of the circle between two points, and it provides a way to represent real numbers geometrically. Each real number t corresponds to an arc length measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis around the circle. The coordinates of...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

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The real number system includes all numbers used for counting, measuring, and comparing quantities. Natural numbers are the basic counting numbers: 1, 2, 3, and so on. Integers expand this set by including zero and negative whole numbers: ..., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, .... Rational numbers are those that can be expressed as the ratio of two integers m/n, where n≠0. This includes fractions like 1/2​, integers such as 46, and decimals that terminate, such as 0.17, or...
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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The concept of real numbers includes all the values that can be represented on a continuous number line. The system began with basic counting values used for enumeration. It later expanded to include values that represent the absence of quantity and opposites of the counting values. When situations required expressing parts of a whole or dividing quantities evenly, values capable of representing such proportions were developed. When written using decimal notation, these values can end or repeat...
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Determining Genetic Expression Profiles in C. elegans Using Microarray and Real-time PCR
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Extragonadal FSHR Expression and Function-Is It Real?

Marcin Chrusciel1, Donata Ponikwicka-Tyszko2, Slawomir Wolczynski2,3

  • 1Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|February 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) expression is reported in extragonadal tissues, but findings require validation. This review critically analyzes evidence and proposes methods for confirming FSHR

Keywords:
FSHFSHRcancer cellsextragonadal expressiontumor vessel cells

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) expression is increasingly reported in extragonadal tissues, including cancers.
  • Suggested extragonadal FSH actions include promoting angiogenesis and adipose tissue accumulation.
  • Potential roles for FSHR in cancer diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics are proposed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically analyze existing literature on extragonadal FSHR expression and FSH actions.
  • To identify methodological limitations and discrepancies in current research.
  • To propose a rationale for validating reported findings using rigorous methods.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of published studies on extragonadal FSHR expression.
  • Analysis of immunohistochemistry (IHC) validation and antibody usage.
  • Assessment of gene expression data versus protein expression findings.
  • Evaluation of in vitro study limitations regarding FSH dosage.

Main Results:

  • Concerns exist regarding the validity of FSHR detection methods, particularly antibody usage and validation.
  • Discrepancies noted between gene/transcript data and protein expression levels.
  • High-dose recombinant FSH used in in vitro studies may limit physiological relevance.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence for extragonadal FSHR expression and function requires critical re-evaluation.
  • Methodological rigor, including proper controls and validation, is essential.
  • Further research using validated methods and in vivo models is needed to confirm findings.