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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:39

Mutations

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Overview
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Viral Mutations00:36

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Marcia's Theory of Identity Status01:26

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James Marcia's identity status model provides a framework for understanding how adolescents navigate identity formation through varying degrees of exploration and commitment. Marcia's model builds on Erik Erikson's theories of psychosocial development, focusing specifically on how adolescents reconcile individual aspirations with societal expectations. His model describes identity formation as a dynamic process where adolescents move between different states depending on their level...
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The Lambda Select cII Mutation Detection System
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The Lambda Select cII Mutation Detection System

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Mutation status and surgical selection.

Georgios A Margonis1, Martin E Kreis2, Christopher L Wolfgang1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

Journal of Surgical Oncology
|February 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metastasectomy is still viable for resectable patients regardless of KRAS or BRAF mutation status alone. Specific mutations combined with patient characteristics may indicate reduced benefit, requiring further study for surgical selection.

Keywords:
BRAFKRASmetastasectomymetastatic colorectal cancersomatic mutations

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • KRAS and BRAF mutations are key oncogenic drivers in various cancers.
  • Metastasectomy is a treatment option for patients with metastatic disease.
  • The role of specific gene mutations in predicting metastasectomy outcomes is under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate whether KRAS or BRAF mutational status alone should preclude metastasectomy.
  • To identify combinations of mutational status and clinicopathologic factors that may predict poor outcomes after metastasectomy.
  • To inform future surgical selection criteria for metastasectomy.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of patient data.
  • Correlation of KRAS/BRAF mutational status with clinicopathologic features.
  • Assessment of survival outcomes in patients undergoing metastasectomy.

Main Results:

  • Current evidence does not support denying metastasectomy based solely on KRAS or BRAF mutational status.
  • Certain combinations of KRAS/BRAF status and clinicopathologic factors may identify patients with limited benefit from metastasectomy.
  • External validation of these combined factors is necessary.

Conclusions:

  • Metastasectomy should not be denied based exclusively on KRAS or BRAF mutational status in resectable patients.
  • Further research is needed to validate specific patient subgroups who may not benefit from metastasectomy.
  • Future studies should investigate specific KRAS/BRAF variants for improved surgical selection.