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Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
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Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
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An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
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Towards development of electrogenetics using electrochemically active bacteria.

Atsumi Hirose1, Atsushi Kouzuma1, Kazuya Watanabe1

  • 1School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.

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Electrogenetic control of gene expression in electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) is enabled by the Arc regulatory system sensing electrode potentials. This discovery opens new avenues for biotechnological applications.

Keywords:
Bioelectrochemical systemElectrotrophExoelectrogenExtracellular electron transferMicrobial electrosynthesisMicrobial fuel cellPotentiostatTwo-component system

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Microbiology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Electrically active bacteria (EAB) are crucial for microbial fuel cells and electrosynthesis.
  • Metabolic activity in EAB is influenced by electrode potentials.
  • The Arc regulatory system in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 senses electrode potentials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of the Arc system in EAB.
  • To highlight the potential of electrogenetics for controlling gene expression.
  • To summarize current knowledge on EAB catabolic and regulatory systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on EAB.
  • Focus on the Arc regulatory system's function.
  • Analysis of electrode potential-dependent gene expression.

Main Results:

  • The Arc system in EAB regulates catabolic gene expression based on electrode potentials.
  • This sensing mechanism enables electrode potential-dependent control of gene expression.
  • A novel biotechnology platform, "electrogenetics," is proposed.

Conclusions:

  • The Arc system is a key regulator in EAB, responding to electrode potentials.
  • Electrogenetics offers a new platform for biotechnological applications.
  • Further research into EAB and electrogenetics holds significant promise.