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Dynamic Equilibrium02:20

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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive value represents a driving force for the process in the reverse direction. When ΔGrxn is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the process occurs in both directions at the same rate (the system is at equilibrium).
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The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive value represents a driving force for the process in the reverse direction. When ΔG is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the process occurs in both directions at the same rate (the system is at equilibrium).
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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Noise-induced rectification in out-of-equilibrium structures.

R Salgado-García1

  • 1Centro de Investigación en Ciencias-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca Morelos, Mexico.

Physical Review. E
|February 21, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Particle motion in random polymers with asymmetric potentials can create a net flux, driven by irreversible processes. Equilibrium polymers, however, do not rectify particle motion, highlighting the importance of nonequilibrium dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Physics
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Nonlinear Dynamics

Background:

  • Investigates particle transport in complex, disordered environments.
  • Focuses on systems subjected to noise and external periodic forcing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the motion of overdamped particles over random potentials.
  • To understand the role of nonequilibrium stationary states and irreversibility in generating directed particle motion (ratchet effect).

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of random polymer potentials.
  • Analysis of stochastic processes generating nonequilibrium polymer structures.
  • Langevin dynamics simulations to validate theoretical predictions.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrates nonvanishing particle flux over random media with symmetric monomer potentials, attributed to process irreversibility.
  • Shows that equilibrium polymer generation prevents rectification of particle motion.
  • Observes current reversals and nonmonotonic diffusion coefficients outside the adiabatic limit.

Conclusions:

  • Irreversibility in the stochastic generation of random polymers is crucial for creating directed particle transport.
  • The system exhibits complex behaviors, including current reversals and anomalous diffusion, depending on the forcing amplitude and adiabaticity.
  • Highlights the potential for designing artificial molecular motors based on nonequilibrium statistical mechanics.