Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 29, 2026
04:37
Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians
Published on: May 12, 2019
16.3K
Ovarian stimulation protocols in assisted reproductive technology: an update
Colin M Howles1,2, Diego Ezcurra1, Roy Homburg3
1a Merck Serono S.A. - Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland.
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism
|February 21, 2019
Summary
Controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) uses gonadotropins to improve egg quality for assisted reproduction. Individualized protocols and anti-Müllerian hormone levels enhance success, but strategies for poor responders are still needed.
Area of Science:
- Reproductive Endocrinology
- Assisted Reproductive Technology
Background:
- Controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) is crucial for assisted reproductive technology (ART), aiming for multiple follicle development and high-quality oocytes.
- Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (r-hFSH) is the current standard for COS, with new formulations including long-acting r-hFSH and combined r-hFSH/luteinizing hormone (LH) available.
- Urinary FSH formulations, with or without LH activity, also exist as treatment options.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current advancements in controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocols for assisted reproductive technology.
- To highlight the importance of individualized COS protocols for optimizing efficacy and safety, focusing on singleton pregnancies and minimizing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
- To discuss the role of biomarkers like anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in predicting ovarian response and the ongoing need for strategies for poor responders.
Main Methods:
- Review of current gonadotropin preparations used in controlled ovarian stimulation (COS).
- Discussion of individualized COS protocols based on ovarian response estimation using antral follicle count and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels.
- Exploration of emerging trends and future expectations in ART, including biomarker development.
Main Results:
- Individualized COS protocols, guided by ovarian response markers like AMH, improve treatment efficacy and safety.
- Newer formulations of gonadotropins, including long-acting r-hFSH and combined r-hFSH/LH, offer enhanced treatment options.
- Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is identified as the most reliable single marker for estimating ovarian response.
Conclusions:
- Current COS protocols allow for personalization to maximize singleton pregnancy rates while minimizing OHSS risk.
- While AMH is a key marker, effective management strategies for poor responders to COS remain an area requiring further research.
- Future developments in biomarkers and techniques are anticipated to further refine oocyte and embryo selection and assess uterine receptivity.
Keywords:
fertilizationassisted reproductive technologycontrolled ovarian stimulationfollicle-stimulating hormonegonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonisthuman chorionic gonadotropinluteinizing hormoneMore Related Videos
11:29Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma
Published on: January 22, 2022
15.4K
11:26Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Device Development: An Updated Protocol Used at Home in Healthy Subjects and Fibromyalgia Patients
Published on: July 14, 2018
17.9K
Related Concept Videos
01:27Reproductive Cloning
32.7K
Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic...
32.7K
02:38Asexual Reproduction
37.3K
Asexual reproduction allows plants to reproduce without growing flowers, attracting pollinators, or dispersing seeds. Offspring are genetically identical to the parent and produced without the fusion of male and female gametes.
37.3K
01:31Overview of the Reproductive System
5.3K
The reproductive system generates offspring, ensuring the survival of the species. In humans, the reproductive system is complex and involves a variety of organs and hormones that work together to ensure successful reproduction.
The gonads, or primary reproductive organs, produce gametes and sex hormones. In males, the testes produce spermatozoa and testosterone, which is responsible for developing secondary male sex characteristics, including a deeper voice, larger muscles, facial and body...
The gonads, or primary reproductive organs, produce gametes and sex hormones. In males, the testes produce spermatozoa and testosterone, which is responsible for developing secondary male sex characteristics, including a deeper voice, larger muscles, facial and body...
5.3K
01:24Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
4.5K
The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
4.5K
01:20Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
5.0K
Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....
5.0K
01:27Ovarian Cycle
3.7K
The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
3.7K