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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are called reversible processes. It is only possible if the process is in quasi-static equilibrium, i.e., it takes place in infinitesimally small steps, and the system remains at equilibrium However, these are ideal processes and do not occur naturally. An ideal system undergoing a reversible process is always in thermodynamic equilibrium within...
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Albert Bandura's theory of observational learning identifies four critical processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement or motivation.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Dynamic Networks that Drive the Process of Irreversible Step-Growth Polymerization.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Network Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Random graphs and network theory have advanced diverse fields like social networks, epidemiology, biology, and physics.
  • Step-growth polymerization is crucial for manufacturing various polymers such as polyesters, polyurethanes, and polyamides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a generic model of step-growth polymerization based on percolation on a directed random graph.
  • To establish a link between step-growth polymerization features and the directed configuration model.
  • To derive new analytical expressions for polymeric microstructure and compare them with experimental and simulation data.

Main Methods:

  • Applying percolation theory to a directed configuration model for polymerization.
  • Relating molecular weight distribution to connected component sizes.
  • Connecting gelation phenomena to the emergence of a giant component.
  • Linking molecular gyration radii to the Wiener index of network components.

Main Results:

  • New analytical expressions describing polymeric microstructure were obtained.
  • The model successfully relates polymerization features to network properties.
  • Comparisons with experimental and simulation data validate the model's predictions.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model provides a powerful tool for accelerating the design and optimization of new polymeric materials.
  • This work establishes a vital connection between network science and the observable physics of polymers.
  • The generic model offers insights applicable across various research fields leveraging network theory.