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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers induce paralysis by competitively blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the muscle end plate. Examples include pancuronium, mivacurium, vecuronium, and rocuronium. These quaternary ammonium derivatives are administered intravenously, are poorly absorbed, and are excreted via the kidneys.
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A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
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Competitions for smoking cessation.

Thomas R Fanshawe1, Jamie Hartmann-Boyce, Rafael Perera

  • 1Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|February 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smoking cessation competitions show no proven benefit for long-term quit rates. More rigorous studies are needed to determine their effectiveness and impact on public health.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Behavioral Science
  • Health Interventions

Background:

  • Competitions may motivate behavior change, including smoking cessation.
  • Incentive-based programs, such as lotteries or direct contests, are used to encourage smokers to quit.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of competitions in achieving long-term smoking cessation.
  • To assess the population-level impact, costs, and unintended consequences of these interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled studies.
  • Included studies tested competitions, lotteries, or raffles for smoking cessation rewards.
  • Primary outcome was smoking abstinence at least six months post-intervention.

Main Results:

  • Twenty studies were included; meta-analysis of performance-based eligibility interventions showed no significant effectiveness (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.74).
  • No trials with performance-based rewards demonstrated a benefit for long-term quit rates.
  • Population-level Quit & Win studies suggested higher cessation rates but lacked rigorous design and had baseline differences.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence is insufficient to conclude on the effectiveness of smoking cessation competitions due to a lack of well-designed studies.
  • Limited evidence for population-based contests is not adequately tested with rigorous designs.
  • Future research requires robust study designs to address biases and clarify the role of incentives.