Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Social Foundations of Self I: Play and Game01:24

Social Foundations of Self I: Play and Game

205
The development of self in children is deeply rooted in social interactions, mainly through stages of play and structured games. These stages, outlined by sociologist George Herbert Mead, illustrate how children progressively learn to understand and adopt social roles, forming a cohesive sense of self.The Play Stage: Imitation and Simple Role-TakingIn the early years of childhood, the play stage is characterized by imitative behavior, where children engage in role-playing based on familiar...
205
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

39.9K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
39.9K
Social Scripts02:10

Social Scripts

10.3K
People tend to know what behavior is expected of them in specific, familiar settings. A script is a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting (Schank & Abelson, 1977). Essentially, scripts are a particular kind of schema, one containing default values for the features within an event. In the restaurant example, the script's features include the props (e.g., tables, menu, food, and money), the roles to be played (e.g., customer and waiter),...
10.3K
The Nucleosome02:33

The Nucleosome

18.7K
DNA in a human cell is almost 2m long and it is packed inside a tiny nucleus that is only a few microns in diameter. The level of compaction of DNA inside the nucleus is astonishing. It is organized into several sequentially higher levels of compaction to fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
DNA is wound twice around a protein complex called histone core, that consist of 8 histone proteins. This complex...
18.7K
Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

59.0K
Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a...
59.0K
Social Facilitation01:04

Social Facilitation

36.6K
Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
36.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Substrate and target selectivity of 4'-fluoroadenosine against viral and host polymerases.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2026
Same author

Epitope-selective vaccine designs to elicit protective antibodies against the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein.

NPJ vaccines·2026
Same author

Vaccination elicits HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies in primates.

Nature·2026
Same author

Translating Innovation to Clinic: End-to-End Bioprocess Development and cGMP Manufacturing of N332-GT5 HIV Vaccine Candidate for First-in-Human Trials HVTN144.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

The SLC15A4-LAMTOR1 interaction licenses endolysosomal TLR-mediated mTOR signaling and inflammatory cytokine production.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Analysis of monoclonal antibodies against the malaria invasion complex protein RIPR reveals the structural basis for synergistic antibody protection.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Targeting cholesterol esterification sensitizes liver cancer to CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell attack by impairing metabolic and redox resilience.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Brain endothelial cells orchestrate a neuroprotective antiviral state in the CNS in response to peripheral viral pattern sensing.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Extracellular ATP-P2RY2 signaling drives intratumoral prostaglandin E2 accumulation and adaptive resistance to immunotherapy in solid tumors.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

B cell-derived type I interferon sustains T cell functionality upon strong TCR stimulation during chronic infection.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Lactate binds and inhibits the innate immune sensor STING to promote tumor immune evasion.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Antibody binding geometry and affinity control inhibitory hFcγRIIB receptor signaling.

Immunity·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

18.4K

Playing Chess with HIV.

Andrew B Ward1

  • 1Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Immunity
|February 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) combat HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) variation. Researchers mapped all potential bnAb escape strategies by mutating Env, defining key targets for HIV vaccines and therapies.

More Related Videos

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays
13:58

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Published on: September 26, 2011

32.1K
Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection
08:15

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Published on: January 31, 2020

9.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

18.4K
Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays
13:58

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Published on: September 26, 2011

32.1K
Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection
08:15

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Published on: January 31, 2020

9.1K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) displays significant antigenic variation, posing challenges for vaccine development.
  • Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are crucial for targeting conserved regions of the HIV Env.
  • Understanding Env's functional epitopes is vital for designing effective HIV immunotherapeutics and vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify all potential escape strategies employed by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against the HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env).
  • To define the functional epitopes targeted by bnAbs on the HIV Env.
  • To provide insights for the development of novel HIV vaccines and immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized saturating mutagenesis of the HIV Env to systematically probe all possible escape mutations.
  • Analyzed the impact of mutations on Env structure and antigenicity in relation to bnAb binding.
  • Characterized the functional epitopes by identifying residues critical for bnAb recognition and neutralization.

Main Results:

  • Identified a comprehensive set of potential bnAb escape pathways within the HIV Env.
  • Defined specific functional epitopes on Env that are critical targets for bnAb activity.
  • Demonstrated that mapping escape strategies can delineate key regions for vaccine and therapeutic intervention.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a detailed map of bnAb functional epitopes on the HIV Env by analyzing escape strategies.
  • This knowledge is essential for the rational design of HIV vaccines and antibody-based therapies.
  • Targeting these defined epitopes could overcome HIV's antigenic variation and lead to effective control strategies.