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Related Concept Videos

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Crown Ethers02:36

Crown Ethers

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Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether molecules...
6.1K
Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers02:28

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

14.7K
Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
Classification of Ethers
Based on their attached substituent...
14.7K
Physical Properties of Ethers02:17

Physical Properties of Ethers

8.4K
Overview
An ether molecule has a net dipole moment due to the polarity of C–O bonds. Subsequently, boiling points of ethers are lower than those of alcohols of comparable molecular weight and slightly higher than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight (Table 1).
Ethers can act as hydrogen bond acceptors, making them more water-soluble than hydrocarbons, but since ethers cannot act as hydrogen bond donors, they are much less soluble in water than alcohols. Ethers are considered...
8.4K
Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides02:23

Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides

9.5K
Ethers represent a class of chemical compounds that become more dangerous with prolonged storage because they tend to form explosive peroxides when standing in the air. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly oxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides.
9.5K
Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage02:18

Ethers to Alkyl Halides: Acidic Cleavage

7.1K
Ethers are generally unreactive and unsuitable for direct nucleophilic substitution reactions since the alkoxy groups are strong bases and, therefore, poor leaving groups. However, ethers readily undergo acidic-cleavage reactions. Ethers can be converted to alkyl halides when heated with strong acids such as HBr and HI in a sequence of two substitution reactions.
7.1K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether
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Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether

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Polydimethylsiloxane and poly(ether) ether ketone functionally graded composites for biomedical applications.

James A Smith1, Elisa Mele2, Rowan P Rimington3

  • 1Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|February 21, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed new polydimethylsiloxane and poly(ether) ether ketone (PDMS-PEEK) functionally graded materials (FGMs). These adaptable FGMs mimic biological tissue properties, showing promise for biomedical applications without hazardous solvents.

Keywords:
BiocompatibilityFunctionally graded materialsPolydimethylsiloxanePolyether (ether) ether ketone

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Polymer Science
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Functionally graded materials (FGMs) offer tunable properties to mimic biological tissues.
  • Existing FGMs often require hazardous solvents or additives, limiting their biomedical applications.
  • Stress concentrations and interface issues can arise in composite materials for biomedical use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate polydimethylsiloxane and poly(ether) ether ketone (PDMS-PEEK) composites as bulk and functionally graded materials.
  • To achieve solvent-free, additive-free fabrication of FGMs with irreversible interlayer adhesion.
  • To demonstrate the tailorable mechanical properties of PDMS-PEEK FGMs for mimicking soft-to-hard tissue transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of PDMS-PEEK composites in both bulk and stepwise functionally graded forms.
  • Utilized a process that avoids hazardous solvents and additives.
  • Achieved chemical, irreversible adhesion between composite layers.
  • Characterized mechanical properties (tensile and compressive loading) and performed biological and thermal screenings.

Main Results:

  • Successfully manufactured PDMS-PEEK composites as bulk and stepwise FGMs.
  • Achieved solvent-free and additive-free fabrication with strong interlayer adhesion.
  • Demonstrated tailorable mechanical properties across the build volume, mimicking soft-to-hard tissue gradients.
  • Incorporating 20 wt% PEEK particles significantly increased the elastic modulus.
  • Composites showed no adverse effects on human fibroblast cell lines and maintained integrity at body temperature.

Conclusions:

  • PDMS-PEEK FGMs can be fabricated without hazardous solvents or additives.
  • These FGMs exhibit tailorable mechanical properties suitable for mimicking biological tissue gradients.
  • The biocompatibility and thermal stability suggest potential for diverse biomedical applications.
  • This work presents a promising new class of materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.