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Related Concept Videos

Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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The cardiovascular system is a vital transportation system in the body. It comprises the heart and blood vessels and facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products.
Heart
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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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The Synchronous Machine Model is a fundamental tool in analyzing and ensuring the transient stability of power systems. This model simplifies the representation of a synchronous machine under balanced three-phase positive-sequence conditions, assuming constant excitation and ignoring losses and saturation. The model is pivotal for understanding the behavior of synchronous generators connected to a power grid, particularly during transient events.
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A Simplified Approach to Reducing Cardiovascular Risk.

David S Schade1, R Philip Eaton1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

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Lowering LDL cholesterol to below 50 mg/dL can significantly reduce cardiovascular disease risk. A simplified treatment approach improves patient adherence and outcomes, combating the leading cause of death.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Preventive Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the US, despite advances in understanding and prevention.
  • Poor adherence to complex treatment guidelines and patient misunderstanding of CVD reversibility contribute to the epidemic.
  • Over 21 organizations publish guidelines, leading to complexity and contradictions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Propose a simplified approach to cardiovascular disease management.
  • Focus on the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) hypothesis: lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) equals less CVD.
  • Aim to achieve a plasma LDL-C concentration below 50 mg/dL.

Main Methods:

  • Utilize coronary artery calcium (CAC) scans and intermediate online cardiovascular risk scores to identify high-risk individuals.
  • Implement lifestyle improvements, including a low-cholesterol diet.
  • Prescribe low-dose, generic, oral hypolipemic medications.

Main Results:

  • The proposed simplified regimen is readily achievable in most asymptomatic at-risk patients.
  • This approach facilitates reaching the target LDL-C concentration of <50 mg/dL.
  • Positive CAC scans combined with risk scores effectively identify individuals with substantial CVD risk.

Conclusions:

  • Controlling the cardiovascular epidemic requires active patient and physician participation.
  • Simplifying therapeutic regimens enhances patient compliance.
  • Increased compliance is expected to lead to a significant reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.