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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

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Overview
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Quantifying Antigen-Specific T Cell Responses When Using Antigen-Agnostic Immunotherapies.

Jacob P van Vloten1, Lisa A Santry1, Thomas M McAusland1

  • 1Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.

Molecular Therapy. Methods & Clinical Development
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Researchers developed a new method to evaluate cancer immunotherapies by detecting T cells responding to tumor antigens without needing specific targets. This tool aids in developing novel, antigen-agnostic cancer treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapies aim to harness the patient's immune system for durable anti-tumor responses, critically involving CD8+ and CD4+ T cells.
  • Evaluating the efficacy of novel immunotherapies requires robust tools to assess adaptive anti-tumor immunity.
  • Current methods using tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or surrogate transgenes in preclinical models have limitations, including cost, altered tumor behavior, and lack of clinical relevance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, antigen-agnostic method for evaluating cancer immunotherapies in preclinical settings.
  • To provide a tool that supports the development of immunotherapies not reliant on pre-defined tumor antigens.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing methods for detecting T cell responses to tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression on murine cancer cell lines.
  • Developed a co-culture assay to detect T cells responding to bulk, undefined tumor antigens.
  • This method facilitates the assessment of T cell responses without prior knowledge of specific tumor antigens.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated a method to detect T cell responses against undefined tumor antigens.
  • The assay allows for the evaluation of immunotherapies that do not target specific TAAs.
  • This approach offers a more broadly applicable tool for preclinical immunotherapy research.

Conclusions:

  • The described co-culture assay provides a valuable tool for the preclinical evaluation of novel, antigen-agnostic immunotherapies.
  • This method addresses the need for more relevant and cost-effective ways to assess anti-tumor immune responses.
  • Facilitates the development of cancer immunotherapies that can be effective even when tumor antigens are not well-defined.