Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

19.0K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
19.0K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

9.2K
During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
9.2K
Mesh Analysis01:20

Mesh Analysis

1.5K
Mesh analysis is a valuable method for simplifying circuit analysis using mesh currents as key circuit variables. Unlike nodal analysis, which focuses on determining unknown voltages, mesh analysis applies Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) to find unknown currents within a circuit. This method is particularly convenient in reducing the number of simultaneous equations that need to be solved.
A fundamental concept in mesh analysis is the definition of meshes and mesh currents. A mesh is a closed...
1.5K
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

7.0K
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
7.0K
Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

112.0K
The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
112.0K
Trial and Error and Algorithm01:12

Trial and Error and Algorithm

403
A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. Different strategies have distinct action plans. Trial and error involves trying different solutions until one works. For instance, to fix a broken printer, you might check ink levels, ensure the paper tray isn't jammed, and verify the printer's connection to your laptop. This method can be time-consuming but is commonly used. Thomas Edison, for example, used trial and error to find a suitable filament for the light...
403

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A unified vision-language model for precision oncology and biomarker prediction in neuroblastoma.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Sequential pathway analysis of sex differences in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease.

Women's health (London, England)·2026
Same author

Multiplexed video hyperspectral microendoscopy reveals tumor-immune dynamics in vivo.

Research square·2026
Same author

LlSAPK2 confers thermotolerance in lily by phosphorylating and stabilizing LlbZIP46.

Journal of integrative plant biology·2026
Same author

Multi-label dynamic diagnosis of pancreatic diseases using AI-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound: a multi-cohort real-world study.

Surgical endoscopy·2026
Same author

Editorial: Unraveling protein misfolding and innate immunity in neurodegenerative diseases.

Frontiers in immunology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Structure-Based Simulation and Sampling of Transcription Factor Protein Movements along DNA from Atomic-Scale Stepping to Coarse-Grained Diffusion
09:17

Structure-Based Simulation and Sampling of Transcription Factor Protein Movements along DNA from Atomic-Scale Stepping to Coarse-Grained Diffusion

Published on: March 1, 2022

3.6K

Dual-grid mesh-based Monte Carlo algorithm for efficient photon transport simulations in complex three-dimensional

Shijie Yan1, Anh Phong Tran1, Qianqian Fang1

  • 1Northeastern Univ., United States.

Journal of Biomedical Optics
|February 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Dual-grid Monte Carlo (DMMC) accelerates photon simulations in complex tissues by separating ray-tracing and data storage. This method achieves significant speedups without sacrificing accuracy, making it ideal for biomedical optics.

Keywords:
mesh generationmesh-based Monte Carlooptical imagingphoton transport

More Related Videos

Setting Up a Stroke Team Algorithm and Conducting Simulation-based Training in the Emergency Department - A Practical Guide
09:52

Setting Up a Stroke Team Algorithm and Conducting Simulation-based Training in the Emergency Department - A Practical Guide

Published on: January 15, 2017

17.6K
A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

8.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Structure-Based Simulation and Sampling of Transcription Factor Protein Movements along DNA from Atomic-Scale Stepping to Coarse-Grained Diffusion
09:17

Structure-Based Simulation and Sampling of Transcription Factor Protein Movements along DNA from Atomic-Scale Stepping to Coarse-Grained Diffusion

Published on: March 1, 2022

3.6K
Setting Up a Stroke Team Algorithm and Conducting Simulation-based Training in the Emergency Department - A Practical Guide
09:52

Setting Up a Stroke Team Algorithm and Conducting Simulation-based Training in the Emergency Department - A Practical Guide

Published on: January 15, 2017

17.6K
A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

8.9K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical optics
  • Computational modeling
  • Medical physics

Background:

  • Mesh-based Monte Carlo (MMC) is effective for light propagation in complex tissues but computationally intensive.
  • Mesh density selection is critical, balancing spatial resolution with computational cost.
  • Existing methods face challenges in optimizing simulation speed and accuracy simultaneously.

Discussion:

  • The dual-grid Monte Carlo (DMMC) method decouples ray-tracing and data storage grids.
  • A coarse tetrahedral mesh is used for efficient ray-tracing, while a voxel grid stores output data.
  • An optimized ray-tracing technique minimizes computations in optically thick mesh elements.

Key Insights:

  • DMMC achieves speedups of 1.3× to 2.9× compared to standard MMC, with minimal accuracy loss.
  • The optimized ray-tracing significantly reduces ray-tetrahedron intersection tests, especially in highly scattering media (>100-fold reduction).
  • Unrefined constrained Delaunay tessellation of boundary nodes further enhances DMMC performance.

Outlook:

  • DMMC offers a faster and accurate alternative for simulating light transport in biological tissues.
  • Potential applications include enhanced optical imaging and therapeutic planning.
  • Further development could explore adaptive meshing strategies for even greater efficiency.