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Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Organic Compounds03:02

Organic Compounds

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All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks
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Multicenter Metal-Organic Framework-Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensors.

Shuangyan Wu1, Hui Min1, Wei Shi1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|February 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with multiple emission centers are advanced as ratiometric sensors. These materials offer high sensitivity and selectivity for detecting various species through tailored energy transfer mechanisms.

Keywords:
fluorescencelanthanidesmetal-organic frameworksmulticenter emissionsratiometric sensors

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are increasingly utilized as ratiometric sensors due to their sensitivity and selectivity.
  • Ratiometric sensing relies on energy transfer between light-absorbing and emitting components within the MOF structure.
  • Achieving optimal energy level matching for MOF-based sensors is synthetically challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements in synthesizing MOFs with multiple emission centers.
  • To review the application of these MOFs in ratiometric sensing.
  • To discuss the underlying sensing mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Functionalization of MOFs with multiple emissive groups (lanthanides, organic luminophores, dyes, carbon dots).
  • Rational design strategies focusing on energy level matching for efficient energy transfer.
  • Synthesis of MOFs with tailored properties for specific target analytes.

Main Results:

  • MOFs with multiple emission centers can be effectively synthesized through various functionalization approaches.
  • These MOFs demonstrate high sensitivity and selectivity in detecting diverse analytes.
  • Successful ratiometric sensing of pH, ions, organic molecules, and biomolecules has been achieved.

Conclusions:

  • MOFs with multiple emission centers represent a promising platform for advanced ratiometric sensing.
  • Strategic design and synthesis are crucial for optimizing energy transfer and sensing performance.
  • These materials hold significant potential for applications in environmental monitoring and biomedical diagnostics.