Immunogenicity of plant-produced porcine circovirus-like particles in mice

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is the main causative agent associated with a group of diseases collectively known as porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCAD). There is a significant economic strain on the global swine industry due to PCAD and the production of commercial PCV-2 vaccines is expensive. Plant expression systems are increasingly regarded as a viable technology to produce recombinant proteins for use as pharmaceutical agents and vaccines. However, successful production and purification of PCV-2 capsid protein (CP) from plants is an essential first step towards the goal of a plant-produced PCV-2 vaccine candidate. In this study, the PCV-2 CP was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants via agroinfiltration and PCV-2 CP was successfully purified using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The CP self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) resembling native virions and up to 6.5 mg of VLPs could be purified from 1 kg of leaf wet weight. Mice immunized with the plant-produced PCV-2 VLPs elicited specific antibody responses to PCV-2 CP. This is the first report describing the expression of PCV-2 CP in plants, the confirmation of its assembly into VLPs and the demonstration of their use to elicit a strong immune response in a mammalian model.