Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

8.7K
The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
Acute illness is severe...
8.7K
Factors Affecting Illness01:18

Factors Affecting Illness

5.2K
When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness,...
5.2K
What is a Mode?01:07

What is a Mode?

25.9K
The mode is one of the commonly used measures of a central tendency. It is defined as the most frequent value in a data set.
There can be more than one mode in a data set if multiple values have the same highest frequency. For instance, suppose that the Statistics exam scores of 20 students are: 50; 53; 59; 59; 63; 63; 72; 72; 72; 72; 72; 76; 78; 81; 83; 84; 84; 84; 90; 93. Here, the mode is 72, as it occurs most frequently, five times.
A data set with two modes is called bimodal. For example,...
25.9K
Concepts of Health and Illness01:29

Concepts of Health and Illness

17.8K
Health is a condition of the body, mind, and spirit where an individual remains free from illness. Similarly, wellness is an active state, including living a lifestyle that promotes physical, mental, and emotional health. Physical health is critical for the overall well-being and can be affected by lifestyle, activity level, diet, and behavior. The highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental and universal human right. Consider Lisa, a fifteen-year-old born with congenital...
17.8K
Dimensions of Health and Illness01:21

Dimensions of Health and Illness

10.8K
The factors influencing the health-illness continuum can be internal or external and may or may not be under conscious control. They are related to the following eight human dimensions, and each dimension is interrelated to one other.
10.8K
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

1.8K
There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mapping prostate cancer pathobiology: A review of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs).

Gene·2026
Same author

Limbic and whole-brain functional connectivity in non-substance abusers with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Journal of neurovirology·2026
Same author

Crosstalk between EZH2 and DNA methylation mediates neuroendocrine prostate cancer lineage plasticity.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Multivalent binding of the tardigrade Dsup protein to chromatin promotes yeast survival and longevity upon exposure to oxidative damage.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Fatigue, interoplastic and nociplastic distress in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, Gulf War Illness, and chronic idiopathic fatigue.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2025
Same author

Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics, lipidomics and serine pathway dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndroome (ME/CFS).

Scientific reports·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
12:09

Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Published on: August 5, 2014

18.5K

Exercise challenge alters Default Mode Network dynamics in Gulf War Illness.

Rakib U Rayhan1,2, Stuart D Washington3, Richard Garner3

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Adams Building Rm 2420, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA. rur@georgetown.edu.

BMC Neuroscience
|February 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Gulf War Illness (GWI) veterans show altered brain activity after exercise, specifically in the Default Mode Network (DMN). These changes in brain deactivation patterns may offer new insights into GWI and serve as potential biomarkers.

Keywords:
Default Mode NetworkExerciseGWIPEMfMRI

More Related Videos

Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
10:43

Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity

Published on: July 1, 2014

15.7K
Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network
11:02

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

Published on: December 28, 2010

13.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
12:09

Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Published on: August 5, 2014

18.5K
Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
10:43

Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity

Published on: July 1, 2014

15.7K
Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network
11:02

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

Published on: December 28, 2010

13.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Research
  • Gulf War Illness Studies

Background:

  • Gulf War Illness (GWI) affects 30% of 1991 Gulf War veterans with unknown causes.
  • Key symptoms include pain, fatigue, migraines, and cognitive dysfunction, notably post-exertional malaise (PEM).
  • PEM is an exacerbation of symptoms after physical or cognitive stress, with an unknown mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate exercise-induced changes in brain activity in Gulf War Illness (GWI) veterans.
  • To explore the potential of brain activity patterns as biomarkers for GWI.
  • To understand the underlying mechanisms of post-exertional malaise (PEM) in GWI.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after sub-maximal exercise.
  • Compared brain activity patterns during a working memory task (2-back vs. 0-back) in GWI patients and controls.
  • Analyzed task-related deactivation patterns using reverse contrast (0-back > 2-back).

Main Results:

  • Following exercise, GWI patients exhibited significantly increased deactivation patterns within the Default Mode Network (DMN).
  • These exercise-induced DMN alterations were not observed in control participants.
  • The Default Mode Network (DMN) is typically downregulated during goal-directed activities and is often altered in neurological diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise-induced alterations in the Default Mode Network (DMN) offer novel evidence for Gulf War Illness (GWI) pathophysiology.
  • Task-related deactivation patterns show potential as biomarkers for Gulf War Illness.
  • Findings contribute to understanding the neurological basis of GWI and PEM.