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Microbial contaminants and antimicrobial properties of human milk
1Microbiology Department, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
Abstract:
A review and listing of antibacterial, antiviral and antiparasite factors in human breast milk is presented. Also reviewed are the microbial contaminants such as cytomegalovirus and rubella virus, which have recently been shown to infect infants via breast milk, without adverse effects. The retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 have been detected in human milk, with the latter virus probably being transmitted through the milk. These virus contaminants can be destroyed by pasteurization of the human milk.
Insights
Human breast milk contains protective antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasite factors. While some viruses like cytomegalovirus can be transmitted via breast milk without harm, others like human immunodeficiency virus are also present.
Area of Science:
- Human lactation
- Immunology
- Microbiology
Background:
- Human breast milk possesses inherent protective properties against pathogens.
- Infants can be exposed to various microbial agents through breastfeeding.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and list the antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasite factors in human breast milk.
- To examine microbial contaminants transmitted via human milk and their effects.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies on human breast milk composition.
- Analysis of reported cases of microbial transmission through breastfeeding.
Main Results:
- Identification of numerous antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasite components in breast milk.
- Documentation of cytomegalovirus and rubella virus transmission without adverse effects.
- Detection of human immunodeficiency virus and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 in milk, with potential for transmission.
Conclusions:
- Human breast milk contains vital protective factors.
- While some viral contaminants pose risks, pasteurization can mitigate the transmission of certain viruses like human T-lymphotropic virus type 1.