Dihydrotestosterone activates AP-1 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells

A cross-talk between androgen/androgen receptor signaling and the AP-1 transcription factor has been proposed. In this study, we asked whether activation of AP-1 modifies androgen-responsive gene transcription, and whether androgens effect AP-1-regulated gene transcription. We show that activation of AP-1 via expression of a constitutively active mutant of mitogen-activated/extracellular signal responsive kinase kinase (MEK) kinase-1 did not increase the activity of the androgen-responsive probasin promoter. Likewise, expression of a constitutively active mutant of the transcription factor c-Jun, which is a major constitutent of AP-1, did not increase the activity of the probasin promoter. In contrast, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) activated both the probasin promoter and the AP-1-regulated collagenase promoter in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The AP-1 binding site within the collagenase promoter was identified as DHT-responsive element. In line with this, DHT increased the activities of the c-Jun promoter and the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter, which both contain AP-1 binding sites. The signal transduction pathway coupling DHT stimulation with AP-1 activation required c-Jun, MAP kinases and androgen receptors, but was independent of transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8) channels, proposed to function as ionotropic testosterone receptors. Expression of the GTPase activating protein RGS2 attenuated DHT-induced activation of AP-1, indicating that the DHT-induced signaling cascade involves G proteins.