Root Rot of Black Spruce Caused by Cylindrocladium canadense in Eastern North America

During October 2002, symptoms of root rot of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., were observed in the St-Modeste (47°46'N, 69°36'W) conifer nursery (400 km northeast of Montreal, Quebec, Canada). Disease severity was low in the greenhouse-produced mother plants and 1-year-old seedlings and moderate in field-grown 2- and 3-year-old seedlings. A species of Cylindrocladium was isolated on potato dextrose agar from 12 symptomatic seedlings from the greenhouse and 12 from the field. The isolates produced chestnut-colored colonies and chlamydospores, both of which were typical of C. canadense Kang, Crous & Schoch (2). DNA was extracted from representative isolates (MTF 101, MTF 102), and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rDNA gene was amplified and sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. AY705980 and AY705981). There was a 99% match with a sequence of C. canadense (GenBank Accession No. AF348256). However, there was approximately 10% divergence with the ITS sequence of C. floridanum (GenBank Accession No AF307343). MTF101 and MTF102 were pathogenic on black spruce seedlings when fungal suspension (10⁶ CFU/ml) was added to germinating seeds in petri plates or infiltrated into roots of 2-week-old seedlings growing in sterilized, moist, sandy soil in the greenhouse. Within 3 weeks, inoculated seedlings exhibited typical root necrosis, while control seedlings were symptomless. C. canadense was reisolated only from symptomatic seedlings. The occurrence of C. canadense in eastern North America has significant implications for forestry regeneration. Previously, only C. floridanum had been reported as pathogenic in the St-Modeste nursery and in eastern North America(1). References: (1) R. C. Hamelin et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:4026, 1996. (2) J. C. Kang et al. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 24:206, 2001.