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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast, mTORC2 consists of a...

Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

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Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

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Published on: October 17, 2025

Targeting mTOR in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Carolina Simioni¹, Alberto M Martelli², Giorgio Zauli³

¹Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy. carolina.simioni@unife.it.

|February 24, 2019

Summary

Targeting the mTOR pathway shows promise for treating Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Research reviews mTOR signaling and anti-mTOR compounds, highlighting their efficacy and failures in ALL treatment.

Keywords:

Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia cell signalling mTOR metabolism targeted therapy

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Molecular Biology
Pharmacology

Background:

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a significant hematologic malignancy, particularly in children and adolescents.
While pediatric ALL survival is high, adult ALL prognosis remains poorer despite intensive chemotherapy.
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently activated in ALL, correlating with poor prognosis and chemoresistance.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in ALL.
To document the development of anti-mTOR compounds for ALL treatment.
To analyze preclinical and clinical study results on mTOR inhibitors in ALL.

Main Methods:

Literature review of mTOR signaling pathways.
Analysis of preclinical and clinical studies on anti-mTOR agents.
Synthesis of data on the efficacy and limitations of mTOR inhibitors in ALL.

Main Results:

mTOR signaling is implicated in ALL cell proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis.
Dysregulation of mTOR is linked to chemoresistance in ALL.
Preclinical and clinical studies show varied efficacy of anti-mTOR compounds in ALL.

Conclusions:

Targeting the mTOR pathway presents a potential therapeutic strategy for ALL.
Further research is needed to optimize anti-mTOR therapies for improved ALL treatment outcomes.
Understanding mTOR complex roles is crucial for developing effective ALL inhibitors.