Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Halogens

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.

Peptide Bonds

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Overview of Valence Bond Theory

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

NMR Crystallographic Journey from Light to Heavy Atoms of Mercury(II)-DOTAM Complexes and Extraction of Related Structural Parameters.

Inorganic chemistry·2025

Same author

Isotopic Identification of Quadrupolar Spin Resonance Lines by Zeeman Perturbation.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2025

Same author

Understanding Non-Covalent Interactions in Diphenyldiselenide and Diphenylselenide Cocrystals Using a Combined <sup>77</sup>Se Magic-Angle Spinning Solid-State NMR and Quantum Chemical Analysis Approach.

The journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces·2025

Same author

NMR Crystallographic Investigation Coupled with Molecular Dynamics Simulations Reveals the Nature of Disorder in Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride Solvatomorphs.

Molecular pharmaceutics·2025

Same author

Halogen Bond Strength in Solids Quantified via Zeeman-Perturbed Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2025

Same author

<sup>127</sup>I Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy of Organic Periodates Featuring Halogen Bonded IO<sub>4</sub> <sup>-</sup> ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ IO<sub>4</sub> <sup>-</sup> Adducts.

Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Halogen bonding as a supramolecular dynamics catalyst.

Patrick M J Szell¹, Scott Zablotny¹, David L Bryce²

¹Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences & Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.

Nature Communications

|February 24, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Halogen bonding significantly enhances molecular dynamics in solid crystals by lowering rotational energy barriers for methyl groups. This effect is more pronounced than hydrogen bonding, suggesting halogen bonds can act as tunable catalysts for molecular processes.

More Related Videos

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Published on: April 22, 2016

Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture

Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture

Published on: May 13, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Published on: April 22, 2016

Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture

Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture

Published on: May 13, 2018

Area of Science:

Solid-state chemistry
Molecular dynamics
Supramolecular chemistry

Background:

Dynamic processes are crucial in functional molecules like catalysts and enzymes.
Understanding how intermolecular interactions influence molecular motion is key to designing new materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of halogen bonding on molecular dynamics in solid-state cocrystals.
To compare the catalytic effect of halogen bonding with hydrogen bonding on methyl group rotation.

Main Methods:

Deuterium NMR relaxation experiments were used to study molecular dynamics.
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to understand the underlying mechanisms.

Main Results:

Halogen bonding reduced the rotational activation energy of methyl groups by 56% in 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine cocrystals.
Hydrogen bonding resulted in a 36% reduction in rotational activation energy.
DFT calculations revealed that halogen bonding destabilizes staggered and stabilizes gauche conformations, lowering the rotational energy barrier.

Conclusions:

Halogen bonding acts as a superior catalyst for molecular dynamics compared to hydrogen bonding in this system.
The catalytic efficiency of halogen bonding is tuneable and depends on the strength of the halogen bond donor.
Halogen bonding can play a significant role in both the assembly of molecular structures and the promotion of dynamical processes.