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Giant Transposons in Eukaryotes: Is Bigger Better?

Irina R Arkhipova1, Irina A Yushenova1

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Genome Biology and Evolution
|February 24, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Oversized eukaryotic transposable elements (TEs), longer than previously known, are now being discovered. These complex DNA and retrotransposable elements interact with viruses and may facilitate large DNA transfers in eukaryotes.

Keywords:
mobile DNAreverse transcriptasetransposable elementstransposasetransposition

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences found across all domains of life.
  • Traditional TE classification relies on key enzymes like transposases and reverse transcriptases.
  • Genomic research has historically simplified the complex nature and interactions of TEs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To focus on oversized eukaryotic transposable elements (TEs) identified through recent genomic advancements.
  • To explore the complex, combinatorial nature of these large TEs.
  • To discuss the relationship between oversized TEs, viruses, and DNA transfer in eukaryotes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing recent progress in whole-genome sequencing and long-read assembly.
  • Expanding the range of model organisms for TE identification.
  • Analyzing the structure and characteristics of newly identified long transposable units.

Main Results:

  • Identification of unprecedentedly long transposable units in eukaryotic systems, spanning dozens to hundreds of kilobases.
  • Characterization of these oversized eukaryotic TEs, including both retrotransposons and DNA transposons.
  • Evidence of complex and combinatorial molecular mechanisms within these large TEs.

Conclusions:

  • Eukaryotic genomes harbor significantly larger transposable elements than previously recognized.
  • These oversized TEs exhibit intricate structures and functions, often intertwined with viral elements.
  • Oversized TEs possess the potential to mediate the transfer of extensive DNA fragments within eukaryotic genomes.