Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

2.6K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
2.6K
Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

658
Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
658
Personality Disorders: Narcissistic and Avoidant01:26

Personality Disorders: Narcissistic and Avoidant

769
Narcissistic and avoidant personality traits represent two contrasting patterns of behavior that significantly influence social interactions and self-perception. While individuals with narcissistic disorder seek admiration and validation, individuals with avoidant personality disorder withdraw due to fear of judgment.
Characteristics of Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic individuals exhibit an inflated sense of self-importance and an excessive need for admiration. They are often...
769
Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters01:29

Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters

12.9K
When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of...
12.9K
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

196.5K
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
196.5K
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

16.5K
Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
16.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Hemispherectomy-Based Optical Window for In Vivo Visualization of Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons in Mice.

Bio-protocol·2026
Same author

Predicting schizophrenia spectrum disorders in pediatric outpatients: a prospective validation of the child psychosis-risk screening system.

Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry·2026
Same author

Reward prediction is encoded by orexin neuron activity during motivated behavior.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Association of nutritional indices with hyporesponsiveness to hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors in patients with chronic kidney disease: a single-center retrospective observational study.

BMC nephrology·2026
Same author

Deletion of neurosecretory proteins GL and GM drives dual anti-obesity effects via appetite suppression and enhanced energy expenditure.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

GABAergic projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the preoptic area regulate the timing of torpor in mice.

Nature communications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation
09:50

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation

Published on: October 6, 2011

17.8K

Preproenkephalin-expressing ventral pallidal neurons control inhibitory avoidance learning.

Tom Macpherson1, Hiroyuki Mizoguchi2, Akihiro Yamanaka3

  • 1Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan.

Neurochemistry International
|February 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The ventral pallidum (VP) regulates learning. Exciting preproenkephalin neurons in the VP impairs aversion learning, suggesting a target for psychiatric disorders.

Keywords:
Aversive stimuliAvoidance learningBasal gangliaPreproenkephalinVentral pallidum

More Related Videos

In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain
09:19

In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain

Published on: September 16, 2013

11.2K
Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning
06:20

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

Published on: October 15, 2021

4.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation
09:50

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation

Published on: October 6, 2011

17.8K
In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain
09:19

In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain

Published on: September 16, 2013

11.2K
Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning
06:20

Drosophila Passive Avoidance Behavior as a New Paradigm to Study Associative Aversive Learning

Published on: October 15, 2021

4.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Neuroscience
  • Molecular Psychiatry

Background:

  • The ventral pallidum (VP) is integral to basal ganglia circuitry, influencing learning and decision-making.
  • The specific role of VP neurons in associative learning, particularly with appetitive or aversive outcomes, remains incompletely understood.
  • Preproenkephalin expression in nucleus accumbens neurons is linked to aversive learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate preproenkephalin expression in GABAergic and glutamatergic VP neurons.
  • To determine the behavioral effects of modulating preproenkephalin-expressing VP neurons on associative learning.
  • To elucidate the VP's role in processing aversive stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated preproenkephalin expression in VP neurons using immunohistochemistry.
  • Utilized chemogenetics to inhibit or excite preproenkephalin-expressing VP neurons.
  • Assessed associative learning using autoshaping (appetitive) and inhibitory avoidance (aversive) tasks.

Main Results:

  • Preproenkephalin is primarily expressed in GABAergic VP neurons, not glutamatergic ones.
  • Chemogenetic excitation of preproenkephalin-expressing VP neurons significantly impaired inhibitory avoidance learning.
  • These findings highlight the role of specific VP neuronal populations in aversive learning.

Conclusions:

  • Preproenkephalin-expressing GABAergic VP neurons are necessary for effective avoidance learning.
  • Inhibition of these neurons is crucial for successful avoidance learning.
  • Preproenkephalin-expressing VP neurons represent a potential therapeutic target for disorders involving maladaptive aversive learning.