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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
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Refractive outcomes comparing primary laser to primary bevacizumab with delayed laser for type 1 ROP.

Nandita Anand1, Michael P Blair2, Mark J Greenwald1

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Intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) with delayed laser (IVB-PRP) resulted in significantly less myopia in infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) compared to primary laser treatment. This refractive benefit was maintained even with delayed laser application.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neonatology
  • Retinal Diseases

Background:

  • Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of childhood blindness.
  • Posterior type 1 ROP requires prompt treatment to prevent severe visual impairment.
  • Current treatment options include laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare refractive outcomes between primary peripheral retinal photocoagulation (PRP) and intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) with delayed PRP in infants with posterior type 1 ROP.
  • To evaluate the long-term refractive status (spherical equivalent) of treated infants.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 87 infants treated for posterior type 1 ROP between 2006 and 2016.
  • Comparison of primary PRP group with IVB-PRP group (IVB supplemented with prophylactic laser).
  • Cycloplegic refraction measured between 2 and 4 years of age.

Main Results:

  • The IVB-PRP group showed significantly less myopia (mean SE -0.16 D) compared to the primary PRP group (mean SE -7.4 D).
  • This difference remained significant across different ROP zones and severity.
  • No significant difference in refractive outcomes was observed between IVB-PRP and IVB monotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Intravitreal bevacizumab with delayed laser photocoagulation leads to better refractive outcomes in infants with posterior type 1 ROP.
  • Delayed laser treatment did not diminish the refractive advantages of initial IVB therapy.
  • IVB-PRP represents a promising alternative for managing posterior type 1 ROP with reduced myopia.