Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.0K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
50.0K
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.6K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.6K
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

17.7K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
17.7K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.1K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.1K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.1K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.1K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.0K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
20.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Reverse Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Algorithm for Coupled Mass and Heat Transport in Mixtures.

Journal of chemical theory and computation·2024
Same author

Bilateral Cellulitis Presented As Lower-Extremity Pain Reported in a Chiropractic Clinic: A Case Report.

Cureus·2023
Same author

Erratum: Numerical Study of a Dual Representation of the Integer Quantum Hall Transition [Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 056802 (2021)].

Physical review letters·2021
Same author

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2021
Same author

Numerical Study of a Dual Representation of the Integer Quantum Hall Transition.

Physical review letters·2021
Same author

Transition state chirality and role of the vicinal hydroxyl in the ribosomal peptidyl transferase reaction.

Biochemistry·2008

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
05:15

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Published on: February 6, 2019

7.3K

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes.

Cody R Drisko1, Silas A Griffin1, Kevin S Huang2

  • 1Department of Biology and Chemistry, Azusa Pacific University.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|February 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel solid-phase synthesis for spirocyclic heterocycles using regenerating Michael (REM) linkers and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. This efficient method offers high yields, low costs, and easy purification for diverse molecular structures.

More Related Videos

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay
05:17

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay

Published on: February 9, 2021

2.0K
An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
06:19

An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

Published on: November 22, 2024

813

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
05:15

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Published on: February 6, 2019

7.3K
Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay
05:17

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay

Published on: February 9, 2021

2.0K
An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
06:19

An Inexpensive Adaptation of a Commercial Microwave Reactor for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

Published on: November 22, 2024

813

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Spirocyclic heterocycles are valuable scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.
  • Existing synthetic routes often lack efficiency or convenience.
  • Solid-phase synthesis offers advantages in yield, cost, and purification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a convenient and efficient synthetic route for spirocyclic heterocycles.
  • To construct a library of diverse heterocyclic compounds using solid-phase techniques.
  • To leverage regenerating Michael (REM) linkers and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition for novel synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Solid-phase synthesis utilizing a regenerating Michael (REM) linker strategy.
  • Employing 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition for heterocycle construction.
  • Utilizing excess reagents for high yields and simple filtration for purification.

Main Results:

  • Successful construction of a library of spirocyclic and non-spirocyclic heterocycles.
  • Demonstrated high yields and cost-effectiveness through solid-phase synthesis.
  • Highlighted the traceless and recyclable nature of the REM linker.

Conclusions:

  • The reported protocol provides a convenient method for spirocyclic heterocycle synthesis.
  • The approach is amenable to automation and high-throughput techniques.
  • This strategy offers a valuable tool for generating diverse heterocyclic libraries for biological applications.