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Engineering biological gradients.

L Sardelli1, D P Pacheco1, L Zorzetto2

  • 11 Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials
|February 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered bioinspired gradients are crucial for understanding cellular activities and advancing regenerative medicine. This review explores challenges and methods for creating and analyzing these gradients in engineered systems.

Keywords:
Graded scaffoldsbioinspiredbonecartilagegradient characterizationmicrofluidicrapid prototyping

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Biological gradients significantly impact cellular functions like adhesion, migration, and differentiation, which are vital for tissue repair and regeneration.
  • Engineered systems with bioinspired gradients offer insights into these cellular processes and potential improvements in regenerative medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the engineering challenges and methods for creating chemical-physical and biomolecular gradients in devices.
  • To classify gradient-making techniques based on their application and purpose.
  • To discuss the role of rapid prototyping and characterization in gradient development.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of gradient fabrication methods based on system type (in-vitro vs. scaffolds) and gradient characteristics.
  • Review of manufacturing processes, including rapid prototyping, for gradient generation.
  • Analysis of characterization techniques for assessing chemical and physical gradients.

Main Results:

  • Various manufacturing processes can create gradients in in-vitro systems and scaffolds for studying cellular behavior and regenerative medicine applications.
  • Rapid prototyping techniques show significant potential for controlled gradient production.
  • Existing characterization techniques have distinct advantages and limitations for analyzing engineered gradients.

Conclusions:

  • Engineering bioinspired gradients is essential for advancing regenerative medicine and understanding fundamental biological processes.
  • Standardized methods for gradient fabrication and characterization are needed to overcome current limitations.
  • Further development in rapid prototyping and advanced characterization will drive innovation in gradient-based regenerative therapies.