Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

1.9K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
1.9K
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

7.8K
Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
7.8K
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

7.4K
Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
7.4K
Brain Waves01:23

Brain Waves

4.1K
Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:
4.1K
Organization of the Brain01:30

Organization of the Brain

2.6K
The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...
2.6K
Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

727
Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...
727

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

IL-12-secreting CAR-T cells reprogram the tumor microenvironment and improve efficacy against heterogeneous models of glioblastoma.

Journal for immunotherapy of cancer·2026
Same author

Mutation of leucine 170 alters the subcellular distribution, neurite outgrowth and three-dimensional structure of dystrophins Dp71 and Dp40.

Molecular biology reports·2026
Same author

A surgical window of opportunity trial evaluating the effect of the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab on tumoral MHC-I expression and CD8<sup>+</sup> infiltration in glioma.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

IL-7-mediated expansion of autologous lymphocytes increases CD8<sup>+</sup> VLA-4 expression and accumulation in glioblastoma models.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

A peptide vaccine targeting the CMV antigen pp65 in children and young adults with recurrent high-grade glioma and medulloblastoma: a phase 1 trial.

Nature cancer·2025
Same author

IL-7-mediated expansion of autologous lymphocytes increases CD8+ VLA-4 expression and accumulation in glioblastoma models.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A Brain Tumor/Organotypic Slice Co-culture System for Studying Tumor Microenvironment and Targeted Drug Therapies
10:13

A Brain Tumor/Organotypic Slice Co-culture System for Studying Tumor Microenvironment and Targeted Drug Therapies

Published on: November 7, 2015

11.6K

Brain Tumor Microenvironment and Host State: Implications for Immunotherapy.

William Tomaszewski1, Luis Sanchez-Perez2, Thomas F Gajewski3

  • 1Duke University Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.

Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
|February 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glioblastoma (GBM) has a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) hindering immunotherapy. Targeting GBM

More Related Videos

Transplantation of Zebrafish Pediatric Brain Tumors into Immune-competent Hosts for Long-term Study of Tumor Cell Behavior and Drug Response
09:43

Transplantation of Zebrafish Pediatric Brain Tumors into Immune-competent Hosts for Long-term Study of Tumor Cell Behavior and Drug Response

Published on: May 17, 2017

12.1K
Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro
16:18

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

Published on: November 20, 2011

12.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A Brain Tumor/Organotypic Slice Co-culture System for Studying Tumor Microenvironment and Targeted Drug Therapies
10:13

A Brain Tumor/Organotypic Slice Co-culture System for Studying Tumor Microenvironment and Targeted Drug Therapies

Published on: November 7, 2015

11.6K
Transplantation of Zebrafish Pediatric Brain Tumors into Immune-competent Hosts for Long-term Study of Tumor Cell Behavior and Drug Response
09:43

Transplantation of Zebrafish Pediatric Brain Tumors into Immune-competent Hosts for Long-term Study of Tumor Cell Behavior and Drug Response

Published on: May 17, 2017

12.1K
Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro
16:18

Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro

Published on: November 20, 2011

12.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal brain tumor with limited immunotherapy response.
  • The GBM tumor microenvironment (TME) is immunosuppressive due to brain-native components and tumor-intrinsic immune evasion.
  • Conventional immunotherapies face challenges due to GBM's TME and tumor mutational heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore targeting the genetically stable tumor stroma in GBM.
  • To overcome immunosuppression within the GBM TME.
  • To convert the "cold" GBM TME to a "hot" TME for enhanced immunotherapy efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on targeting tumor-associated monocytes, macrophages, and microglia within the GBM stroma.
  • Investigate strategies to modulate stromal elements rather than the mutating tumor cells.
  • Analyze the potential for combination therapy by altering the TME phenotype.

Main Results:

  • Tumor-associated macrophages and monocytes are key stromal components with protumor and immunosuppressive effects.
  • Targeting these myeloid cells offers a strategy to reduce GBM immunosuppression.
  • Altering the TME is hypothesized to enhance responses to existing immunotherapies.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting the GBM stroma, particularly myeloid cells, presents a viable therapeutic strategy.
  • Modulating the GBM TME can potentially overcome treatment resistance.
  • Combination therapies involving stromal targeting may improve glioblastoma outcomes.