Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Genetics of Speciation02:16

Genetics of Speciation

21.0K
Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.
21.0K
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

7.7K
Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
7.7K
Difference from Background: Limit of Detection01:05

Difference from Background: Limit of Detection

8.3K
The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the background noise. The LOD value corresponds to the concentration at which the analyte signal is three times larger than the standard deviation of the blank signal. Below this value, the analyte signal cannot be differentiated from the background noise. It is calculated by dividing the calibration slope by 3 times the standard deviation of the blank signals.
The LOD indicates the presence or absence...
8.3K
What is Population Genetics?01:25

What is Population Genetics?

64.7K
A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
64.7K
What is Genetic Engineering?00:49

What is Genetic Engineering?

80.0K
Overview
80.0K
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

17.8K
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
17.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Towards the construction of a virtual yeast.

Nature·2026
Same author

The novel antifungal agent NPD2560 perturbs the Rho1-centered signaling network to induce a cell wall integrity response.

Microbiology spectrum·2026
Same author

Orobas: A computational approach for scoring and analysis of quantitative chemical-genetic interactions from CRISPR-Cas9 screens.

STAR protocols·2026
Same author

Population-scale chemical response revealed by a barcoded yeast collection.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Global genetic interaction network of a human cell maps conserved principles and informs functional interpretation of gene co-essentiality profiles.

Cell·2026
Same author

Expanding TheCellMap.org to visualize a genome-scale genetic interaction network for a human cell line.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Chemotactic self-organization captures the dynamics of mammalian hair follicle patterning.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Tomographic imaging of superconducting order using particle-hole interference.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Inhibitory potential of autologous neutralizing antibodies sets quantitative limits on the rebound-competent HIV-1 reservoir.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Inferring epidemiological parameters under an infectious phylogeography model with visitor dynamics.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Analytical modeling for suction cup designs for skin-interfaced wearable devices.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Improving cell-free metabolism through direct integration of artificial respiratory chains.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Preventing the Spread of Malaria and Dengue Fever Using Genetically Modified Mosquitoes
17:50

Preventing the Spread of Malaria and Dengue Fever Using Genetically Modified Mosquitoes

Published on: July 4, 2007

12.9K

Complex modifier landscape underlying genetic background effects.

Jing Hou1, Guihong Tan2, Gerald R Fink3

  • 1Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; jing.hou@utoronto.ca brenda.andrews@utoronto.ca charlie.boone@utoronto.ca.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic background significantly impacts gene function, with conditional essentiality varying between yeast strains. Most cases involve complex genomic modifiers, but some rare variants also influence gene essentiality.

Keywords:
background effectcomplex modifier interactionsconditional gene essentialityrare variants

More Related Videos

Use of Freeze-thawed Embryos for High-efficiency Production of Genetically Modified Mice
06:46

Use of Freeze-thawed Embryos for High-efficiency Production of Genetically Modified Mice

Published on: April 2, 2020

10.4K
Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes
10:19

Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes

Published on: June 15, 2017

21.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Preventing the Spread of Malaria and Dengue Fever Using Genetically Modified Mosquitoes
17:50

Preventing the Spread of Malaria and Dengue Fever Using Genetically Modified Mosquitoes

Published on: July 4, 2007

12.9K
Use of Freeze-thawed Embryos for High-efficiency Production of Genetically Modified Mice
06:46

Use of Freeze-thawed Embryos for High-efficiency Production of Genetically Modified Mice

Published on: April 2, 2020

10.4K
Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes
10:19

Generation of Genetically Modified Mice through the Microinjection of Oocytes

Published on: June 15, 2017

21.7K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Yeast Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Phenotypic consequences of mutations depend on genetic background.
  • Conditional gene essentiality, where gene function loss causes lethality in one background but not another, is observed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Previous studies identified ~1% of yeast genes as conditionally essential between S288c and Σ1278b strains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the genetic basis of conditional gene essentiality between Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains.
  • Identify genomic modifiers underlying conditional essentiality.
  • Explore the role of rare variants and genetic interactions in conditional essentiality.

Main Methods:

  • Tetrad analysis of S288C/Σ1278b hybrid strains.
  • Whole-genome sequencing of viable hybrid spore progeny.
  • Analysis of gene variants in natural yeast isolates.

Main Results:

  • Most conditional essentiality cases are linked to complex sets of multiple genomic regions.
  • A subset of genes, including CYS3 and CYS4 involved in cysteine biosynthesis, show segregation patterns suggesting single modifiers.
  • Conditional essentiality of CYS3/CYS4 in natural isolates can be caused by variation in MET1 and OPT1, which are functionally related to cysteine physiology.
  • OPT1 allelic variation appears to have arisen independently and has rare allele frequencies (<0.5%).

Conclusions:

  • Conditional gene essentiality is typically driven by complex genetic interactions and modifier architectures.
  • Functionally related, genetically independent, and rare variants can also contribute to conditional essentiality.
  • Understanding genetic background effects is crucial for interpreting gene function and mutation consequences.