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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate NMDA Receptor in Blood
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A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate NMDA Receptor in Blood

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Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a toddler: A diagnostic challenge

Yasmin Khundakji1, Amira Masri2, Najwa Khuri-Bulos3

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

International Journal of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
|February 27, 2019
PubMed

Insights

Anti N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disorder in young children. This case highlights diagnostic challenges and successful treatment in a Jordanian toddler, emphasizing the need for more research in this demographic.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Autoimmune Encephalitis

Background:

  • Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a significant cause of pediatric encephalitis.
  • Infants and toddlers are underrepresented in NMDAR encephalitis research, especially from the Middle East.

Observation:

  • A 21-month-old Jordanian female toddler presented with behavioral changes and autistic features, mimicking other conditions.
  • Concurrent urinary tract infection and gastroenteritis complicated the initial diagnosis.

Findings:

  • The toddler was diagnosed with NMDAR encephalitis.
  • Treatment included methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), plasma exchange, and rituximab, leading to gradual improvement.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of NMDAR encephalitis in very young children.
  • It highlights the importance of considering NMDAR encephalitis in toddlers with atypical presentations and the need for more regional data.

Keywords:
Anti NMDA receptor encephalitisAutism spectrumBehavioral changeChildrenInfantsJordanToddlers

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